
(k^ Jill/ SOS 



Commonwealth of ffenm^lvmm 



REPORT OF COMMISSION 



APPOINTED TO INVESTIGATE THE 



WASTE OF COAL MINING, 



WITH THE 



VIEW TO THE UTILIZING OF THE WASTE. 



ORIGINAL COMMISSION. 

J. A. Price, Scranton, Pa. Died August 2, 1892. 
Peter W. Sheafer, Pottsville, Pa. Died March 26, 1891. 
EcKLEY B. CoxE, Drifton, Pa. 



PRESENT COMMISSION. 

EcKLEY B. CoxE, Drifton, Pa. 
Heber S. Thompson, Pottsville, Pa. 
William Griffith, Scranton, Pa. 



MAY, IS 93. 



PHILADELPHIA : 
Allen, Lane & Scott's Printing House, 

229-233 South Fifth Street. 
1893. 



PENNSYLVANIA COAL WASTE COMMISSION 



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To illustrate an '^Estimate of the ori^ina 
FIRST PROPOSITION FIG ABCD SECOr 



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f-v, . 

REPORT OF COMMISSION 

APPOINTED TO INVESTIGATE THE 

WASTE OF COAL MINING, 

WITH THE 

VIEW TO THE UTILIZING OF THE WASTE. 



ORIGINAL COMMISSION. 

J. A. Price, Scranton, Pa. Died August 2, 1892. 
Peter W. Sheafer, Pottsville, Pa. Died March 26, 1891. 
EcKLEY B. CoxE, Drifton, Pa. 



PRESENT COMMISSION. 

EcKLEY B. -CoxE, Drifton, Pa. 
Heber S. Thompson, Pottsville, Pa. 
William Griffith, Scranton, Pa. 



MAY, 189S. 



PHILADELPHIA: 

Allen, Lane c^ Scott's Printing Hou.se, 

229-233 South Fifth Street. 
1893. 






AUG 7 1007 
0. or 0. 



00]SITEH"TS. 



PAGE 

Letter of Transmittal 1 

Eeport of Commission 3 

Outline of Report 5 

What is Coal Waste ? 7 

Causes of Waste : Geological 7 

Waste by Mining of the Available Coal left in the Ground 12 

Unavoidable Waste by Mining 12 

Avoidable Waste by Mining 13 

Waste due to Preparation 14 

Results of Experiments in Burning Small Anthracites 21 

Commercial Causes of Waste 24 

Sizes of Small Anthracites 25 

Uses of Small Anthracites and Culm 27 

For Domestic Purposes 27 

For Generating Steam and for Manufacturing Purposes .... 28 

For Locomotives 29 

In Gas Producers . 30 

For the Manufacturing of Coke 31 

Mixed with Bituminous Coal . 35 

Mixed with Waste from Oil Stills 36 

For the Manufacturing of Artificial Fuel 37 

As Pulverized Fuel 40 

For Making Paint 41 

Remarks on Burning Small Anthracite 42 

Grate Bars 43 

Importance of Analysis of the Small Anthracites and of their Purity, 44 

Utilization of Culm Banks 45 

Test of Slate Bank at Drifton, Pa 48 

Notes on Test 51 

Burning of Part of Slate Banks as Fuel 52 

Final Remarks 54 



APPENDIX A-1. 

Estimate of Original Geological Anthracite Coal-Field 55 

Skeleton Map of Pennsylvania showing Coal formation 56 

Estimate of existing Coal-Field before Mining began 59 

General Remarks 59 

Northern Coal-Field 62 

Eastern Middle Coal-Field 76 

Western Middle Coal-Field 84 

Southern Coal-Field 96 

Recapitulation 121 

Estimates of Coal won 122 

Northern Coal-Field 123 

Keystone Colliery 123 

Nottingham Colliery 123 

Lance Colliery 124 

Vicinity of Wilkes-Barre 125 

(iii) 



IV 

PAGE 

Sugar Notch No. 9 Colliery 125 

Hollenback No. 2 Colliery 125 

By Pennsylvania Coal Company 126 

Parrish Colliery 126 

Susquehanna No. 3 Colliery 128 

Eaub Washery 129 

Eeynolds AVashery 129 

Western Middle Coal-Field . 130 

Hammond Colliery 130 

Girard Colliery / 133 

Kehley'sEun' Colliery 137 

Locust Eun Colliery 138 

Stanton Colliery 139 

Gilberton Colliery 139 

Cambridge Colliery 139 

Stanton Wash ery 140 

Southern Coal-Field"^ 141 

Panther Creek Basin 141 

Eagle Hill Colliery 141 

Pottsville Shaft Colliery 142 

Mine Hill Gap Colliery 142 

Phoenix Park No. 3 Colliery 143 

West Brookside Colliery 144 

Estimate of Quantity of Coal Exhausted to date 147 

Estimate of Available Coal not yet Mined 149 

Estimate of Contents of Culm Banks 151 

Table showing Shipments by Eegions 153 

Diagram showing Shipments by Eegions 154 

Outline Map of the Anthracite Coal-Fields. 
General Columnar Sections of the Anthracite Coal Measures. 
Appendix A-2. — Estimate of Production of Coal in the several Dis- 
tricts of the Northern Anthracite Coal Basin of 
Pennsylvania. 
B. — Experience with Small Coal on Locomotives. 
C-1. — Patents for Devices for Utilizing or Burning Culm. 
C-2. — List of Patents relating to Artificial Fuels. 
D-1. — Eeferences to Official Eeports. 

D-2. — " Transactions of Engineering Societies. 

D-3.— '* Private Eeports. 

D-4. — " Technical Journals. 

D-5.— " Text-books, Treatises, &c. 

D-6. — " Circulars from Patentees and Manu- 

facturers. 
E-1. — Inclined Grates: Eeciprocating. 
E-2.— " " Eockiug. 

E-3.— '' " Stationary. 

E-4.— Horizontal Grates : Eeciprocating. 
E-5.— " " Eocking. 

E-6.— " " Stationary. 

E-7. — Mechanical Feeding Arrangements : Fuel and Air. 
E-8.— Traveling Chain Grates. 

E-9. — Circular Grates : Horizontal, Outward, and Inward, in- 
cluding Underfeeding. 
E-10. — Eotary Grates and Grate Bars. 
E-11. — Domestic or Stove Grates. 



Philadelphia, Pa., May 20th, 1893. 
Hon. Robert E. Pattison, Executive CJhamber, Harrisburg, Pa. 
Dear Sir : — The Commission appointed under 

AN ACT 

To create a commission to investigate the waste of coal mining, with a 
view to the utilizing of said waste, and making an appropriation for 
the expense thereof. 

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That the Governor be and 
he is hereby authorized to appoint three competent persons 
to investigate the waste occasioned by the mining and 
preparing of coal in this Commonwealth, with especial 
reference to the reduction and utilization of said waste or 
culm. Said commission shall serve without compensation, 
but the actual expense of the investigation shall be paid by 
the Commonwealth, and to provide for the same the sum 
of $2500, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby 
appropriated out of any money in the treasury not other- 
wise appropriated. 

Approved the seventh day of May, A. D. 1889, 

have the honor to submit their report. 

The Commission sends herewith for the use of the Exec- 
utive and Legislature, one thousand copies of the report 
which they have had printed, as they found that several of 
the persons furnishing information would do so only upon 
the condition that they could see the proof before the re- 
port was made public, and much of the other matter had to 
be revised by a number of people. 

The amount expended by the Commission, including the 
lithographing of the maps and the printing of the one 
thousand copies of the report, is about $1900.00, or less than 
the amount of the appropriation. Should the Legislature 
desire a larger edition it can easily be made, as the type 
will be kept standing and the stones will be preserved until 
after the Legislature adjourns. 

Yours respectfully, 

ECKLEY B. COXE, 
HEBER S. THOMPSON, 
WILLIAM GRIFFITH, 

Commissioners, 



BEPORT 

OF 

COAL WASTE COMMISSION, 



THE Act creating the Commission was approved on May 
7th, 1889, but the Commissioners were not appointed 
until February 19th, 1890. As originally constituted, the 
Commission consisted of J. A. Price, of Scranton, chair- 
man ; Peter W. Sheafer, of Pottsville, and Eckley B. Coxe, 
of Drifton. 

On account of the business engagements of the different 
members, the distances they lived from each other, and the 
ill health of Mr. Sheafer, the Commission was not able to 
organize until May 21st, 1890, when they met in Mauch 
Chunk. 

After carefully considering the subject, they decided upon 
a line of investigation which, with a few unimportant ex- 
ceptions, is practically that set forth in the following report. 

As the members of the Commission were all engaged in 
active business, and lived at some distance from each other, 
the work was divided into three parts, each member taking 
up those branches with which he was most familiar, with 
the understanding that they were to meet from time to time 
for consultation. 

This method of procedure worked well, and matters were 
progressing very satisfactorily when the Commission had 
the great misfortune to lose Mr. P. W. Sheafer, who died 
on March 26th, 1891. He had taken great interest in his 
part of the work, and, notwithstanding his ill health, had 
already laid out his plans and gotten together a great deal 
of very interesting and valuable matter relating to the 

(3) 



statistics of the coal trade, to the amount of coal in the 
culm and dirt banks, and to the size of the latter, at cer- 
tain collieries, compared with the amount of coal already 
mined and shipped. Unfortunately, his sudden death left 
the data in such a condition that only a small amount of 
it could be utilized, although what he had done was placed 
by his family at the disposal of the Commission. Mr. 
Sheafer had been connected with the anthracite coal busi- 
ness for almost half a century, and was a leading authority 
on all matters connected in any way with the statistics of 
anthracite. He had for years been specially interested in 
the question of the utilization of the dirt banks, and in all 
improvements in mining tending to diminish the loss of coal. 

On October 20th, 1891, Mr. Heber S. Thompson, of Potts- 
ville, was appointed to take the place of Mr. Sheafer, and 
the Commission reorganized and divided up the w^ork anew. 

On August 2d, 1892, the Commission again lost one of its 
members by the death of Mr. J. A. Price, who was one of the 
first in the Commonwealth to realize fully the importance of 
utilizing the great accumulations of anthracite culm exist- 
ing in the coal-fields. For many years he had been a per- 
sistent advocate of its value, and did much to bring it into 
use in many of the industries of the State, particularly in 
the neighborhood of the city of Scranton. He had studied 
the subject with a great deal of care, had made many ex- 
periments, and was familiar with all its branches. [D-3, 
No. 3 ; D-4, No. 26 ; D-4, No. 30.] By his untimely death 
the Commission again lost the result of a great deal of 
valuable work, as many of the papers he left were not in 
shape to be utilized by others. He Avas so familiar with 
the subject that he had not, when his unlooked-for death 
occurred, written out the results of the greater part of the 
work that he was engaged in. 

On September 22d, 1892, Mr. William Griffith, of Scran- 
ton, was appointed to fill the vacanc}^, and as he had as- 
sisted Mr. Price in some of his experiments, and knew him 
well, he was able to afford valuable aid to the Commission 
in compiling its report. 



After the Commission had organized and carefully ex- 
amined the question submitted to it, the following conclu- 
sions were arrived at : — 

First. — That the most important work to be done was to 
determine the causes of waste in its broadest sense, and, after 
stating them, to give briefly such suggestions as it could 
as to the lines in which effort should be made to diminish 
or avoid it. 

Second. — That while it is important that attention should 
as far as possible be called to all the methods, apparatuses, 
furnaces, &c. (patent or otherwise), by which the smaller, 
and until recently valueless, sizes of anthracite can be and 
are gradually being utilized; yet a minute description of 
any apparatus, or a comparison of rival systems, would be 
out of place and beyond the powers of the Commission with 
the limited time and money at its disposal. 

Third. — That while the body of the report should be as 
untechnical as possible, it should give the general results 
briefly but comprehensivel}^ 

Fourth. — That a series of appendixes should be prepared 
in which information of a more or less technical character, 
but of value to those wishing to make a closer and more de- 
tailed study of any part of the subject, would be given. 
They are as follows : — 

APPENDIX A. 

Estimate of the territory probably covered originally by 
the Pennsylvania anthracite coal-field. 

Estimate of the amount of coal in the existing field be- 
fore mining began. 

Estimate of coal actually won at certain collieries. 

Amount of coal w^orked up to January 1st, 1893. 

Table of shipments up to January 1st, 1893. 

The above were prepared by Mr. A. DW. Smith, of the 
Pennsylvania Geological Survey. 

Diagram showing shipments by regions, by Howell T. 
Fisher. 



6 

Tabular estimate showing the approximate quantity of 
coal, with past and probable future production, in the 
several districts of the Northern anthracite coal basin of 
Pennsylvania, by Mr. AVilliam Griffith, a member of the 
Commission. 

APPENDIX B. 

Table showing the experience on locomotives with small 
anthracite of all railroads using the same, and giving such 
details as to the locomotives, the coal and its use, as could 
be obtained. 

APPENDIX C. 

A list as complete as possible of all patents that have 
any application to the subject, with the exception of pat- 
ents on ordinary stoves, which are very numerous, and in- 
volve so many details that it is almost impossible to decide 
accurately which of them have reference to the subject. 

APPENDIX D. 

A list of such literature on the subjects discussed, mostly 
American, as the Commission thought would be of value to 
those wishing to investigate more fully any question treated 
here. 

This literature is arranged as follows : — 
References to Official Reports. 

" " Transactions of Engineering Societies. 

K a Private Reports. 

" " Technical Journals. 

^' " Text-Books or Treatises. 

*' " Circulars from Patentees and Manufacturers. 

APPENDIX E. 

A list of grates, stokers, and furnaces, classified as fol- 
lows : — 

Inclined grates : Reciprocating, rocking, and stationary. 
Horizontal grates : Reciprocating, rocking, and stationary. 



Mechanical feeding arrangements : Fuel and air. 

Traveling grates. 

Circular grates : Horizontal, inclined, and underfeeding. 

Rotary grates and grate-bars. 

Domestic or stove grates. (A selection of those that 
seemed of interest.) 

These articles are numbered consecutively in each table, 
and when a reference is made to any of them in the text, 
the number only will be used. Thus instead of referring 
to an article; by giving the whole title, author's name, name 
of periodical, volume, &c., we simply give, for example, D-2, 
No. 3. 

WHAT IS COAL AVASTE? 

The Commission has taken these words in their most 
com^prehensive sense and has discussed the subject with the 
view of determining, as nearly as possible, what portion of 
the coal originally deposited has been, or will be, lost to the 
community, and the causes to which this loss is due, with 
such suggestions as they were able to make with the 
view of diminishing the waste in the future. 

CAUSES OF WASTE. 

Geological. — A very small percentage of the coal orig- 
inally deposited now remains in the coal-fields, by far the 
larger portion having been carried away by the erosion fol- 
lowing the uplifting of the strata by which the present an- 
thracite coal basins were formed, as is more fully set forth 
in the report of Mr. Smith. Of the coal that remains, quite 
an appreciable percentage is rendered practically useless by 
the distortion to which it has been subjected when up- 
turned ; for where the dips are steep or overturned a large 
amount of coal has been twisted, crushed, and sometimes 
intimately mixed with the slates that occur either above, 
below, or in the vein, thus destroying or diminishing 
its value. The coal in those portions of the veins (or 
beds) which lie close to the surface is often more or less 



8 

depreciated in quality by the action of the atmosphere, and 
the close proximity of rivers, creeks, and buried valleys 
may practically destroy the value of much coal of good 
quality. 

At the request of the Commission, Mr. A. DAY. Smith, 
of the Geological Survey, has prepared a very careful paper, 
giving, as far as could be obtained, information upon the 
following points : — 

First. — Probable percentage of the coal originally depos- 
ited in Eastern Pennsylvania, which was left in the ground 
when the mining of anthracite first began. 

Second. — Estimate of the amount of coal actually con- 
tained in each of the four basins when the mining began. 
A number of very valuable reports, showing percentage of 
coal obtained in working certain areas of certain veins and 
the amount of coal probably contained in some of the dirt 
banks [D-2, No. 14; D-3, No. 4; D-3, No. 5.]. Consider- 
ation and estimation of the percentage of coal actually con- 
tained in the ground which has been and can be shipped to 
market or used at the collieries. 

Third. — Statistics of the anthracite coal trade up to Janu- 
ary 1st, 1893, with a diagram showing the total anthracite 
shipments and the proportional output of the Schuylkill, 
Lehigh, and AYyoming regions. 

It is not necessary to refer to the details more at length, 
as they will be found to be thoroughly explained in the re- 
port itself. 

The Commission, in submitting the report of Mr. Smith, 
w^ould call attention to the following facts : — 

It does not pretend to be absolutely correct. The data 
for making a correct report do not exist, and will not prob- 
ably exist for many years. The report is a very careful 
compilation of the facts now known, and is based on an 
immense amount of work done partly by the Geological 
Survey and partly by mining companies, individual opera- 
tors, and mining engineers. 

The estimate of the amount of coal originally in the 
ground is approximately correct, assuming that the veins 



will maintain the characteristics which they have near the 
surface or where they have been worked or opened. 

A large portion of the data has been obtained from sec- 
tions of veins taken from actual mining operations or from 
explorations, nearly 6000 in number, of which 2500 were in 
detail, and as the natural tendency is to work the better 
veins or portions of veins in preference to those less valu- 
able, it is possible and probable that the sections on the 
whole may represent a somewhat better state of affairs than 
actually exists on the average. It is impossible to de- 
termine how much better the ground actually worked is 
than the average of what is left, and this fact ma}'' have a 
ver}^ important bearing in reducing the actual amount of 
good coal still unworked. 

When we come to consider the amount of coal that can 
be obtained, the calculations become much more uncertain, 
for the following reasons: The percentage of coal to be ob- 
tained from any vein increases, first, with the smallness of 
the vein down to a certain point ; that is to say, a vein 6 
or 8 feet thick will yield a much larger percentage of coal 
than a vein 20 feet thick, and a vein of 20 feet a much 
larger than a vein of 40 feet, other things being equal. 
The nearer the vein is to being horizontal the greater w411 
be the yield of coal ; that is to say, a vein on a pitch of 5 
degrees will yield more than a vein on» a pitch of 30 de- 
grees, and a vein on a pitch of 30 degrees more than a vein 
on a pitch of 50 degrees ; first, because the amount of pil- 
lars required to sustain the horizontal roof, including gang- 
way pillars, chain pillars, &c., is less in a horizontal vein ; 
secondly, the pillars can be maintained of a more regular 
size, and cars can be run in and taken out of the breast so 
that the gangways can be further from each other, involv- 
ing less chain pillar [D-1, No. 9], and the pillars in the 
gangway need not be so large ; thirdly, pillars need only be 
maintained at long distance to retain the water ; and, 
fourthly, when the cars are loaded in flat breasts the coal 
can be taken out cleaner and not so much left in the 
gob, and the mining and blasting can be carried out more 
systematicall3^ 



10 

The amount of coal increases with the solidit}^ of the 
roof. Where the roof is not good the pillars must be made 
larger, and a large quantity of coal is left in consequence 
of the roof falling and burying coal under it or cutting off 
available coal behind it. 

The percentage of coal gotten from the vein depends also 
upon its purity. If the coal is in a single bed, say 6 feet 
thick, it will yield more than a vein of 8 or 9 feet thick 
containing the same amount of coal, but having slate 
through it. If the slate is distributed in the vein in large 
beds, which part from the coal, it will yield more coal than 
if the slate is distributed in many la3''ers or attached to the 
coal or burned in, as the miners say. Should the 2 or 3 
feet of refuse be distributed uniformly throughout the vein 
in the form of small, thin layers attached strongly to the 
coal the whole vein may be unworkable, as the cost of pre- 
paring it in the breaker may render it valueless commer- 
cially. This is an important factor in determining the 
quantity and value of the smaller sizes obtainable from a 
vein. 

The amount of coal we may get from a given vein de- 
pends also upon its relation to the veins above or below it. 
If the vein stands alone with no other vein near it, it may, 
if the conditions are favorable, be worked very clean, while 
if there should be a number of other veins below it which 
have been worked, and the intervening strata is not of a 
very strong character, the vein, particularly if it is a small 
one, may be made unw^orkable by the caving in of the 
lower veins, or if worked at all may yield but a small per- 
centage of the coal contained in it. 

When working deep basins where the pitches are steep 
and where there are a number of veins, a large amount of 
coal may be lost in this way. It is possible also that in 
some of the basins the infiltration of water, due to over- 
lying workings where considerable breaking up of the 
strata has occurred, may be so great that it would take all 
the coal that you could get from the vein to pump out the 
water. The ^existence of large creeks and rivers such as 



11 

the Susquehanna, which covers a large portion of the 
Wilkes-Barre region, may also diminish the quantity of 
coal that can be taken from the veins. 

The great buried valley referred to by Mr. Smith presents 
some very serious problems. It is also possible that in some 
of the deep basins there may be at the bottom more or less 
twisting of the strata, &c. In fact, the miner may at any 
time find a vein in fault and unworkable when he enters 
new ground. 

In regard to the specific gravity of the coal, we are of 
the opinion that, while individual specimens selected for 
the purpose of determining the specific gravity may have 
given the figures used in Mr. Smith's report and taken from 
the reports of Mr. McCreath, of the Geological Survey, yet 
a number of experiments made lately by Mr. E. B. Coxe 
in his laborator}^ leads him to the conclusion that the aver- 
age specific gravity of the pure coal in all the regions is 
probably less than those used in the tables. This is im- 
portant, as a variation of 1 per cent, in the specific gravity 
would reduce the total number of tons of coal in the 
ground 195,000,000. 

Mr. Coxe's determinations were made by obtaining sam- 
ples from a large number of tons of prepared coal as it 
came from the breaker, selecting them by the method 
usually adopted for sampling ores, that is, by quartering 
down. 

For the above reasons the Commission is of the opinion, 
in which Mr. Smith concurs, that the amount of coal that 
will be obtained finally may fall short, and in some locali- 
ties far short, of the estimates given in this report. 

The Commission also reprint, with the consent of the 
author, from the May, 1892, number of the Colliery Engineer, 
of Scranton, Pa., at the end of Mr. Smith's report, a tabular 
estimate showing the approximate quantity, past and future 
production of coal in the several districts of the Northern 
anthracite coal basin of Pennsylvania. This was prepared 
on April 20th, 1892, by Mr. William Grifiith, now one of the 
Commission, but before he was appointed. This estimate 



12 

was prepared from other data and upon a plan different 
from that adopted b}^ Mr. Smith, neither gentleman being 
influenced by the other's fioures in reachino- his result. 

Mr. Smith's figures are 5,697,380,784 tons. 

Mr. Griffith's figures are 5,057,808,560 tons. 

639,572,224 tons. 
A difference of about 12 per cent. 

At the foot of Mr. Griffith's table will be found a clear 
statement of the method adopted by him in preparing it. 

In reaching these results Mr. Griffith, in estimating, used 
1.0 as the specific gravity, while Mr. Smith used 1.55. Mr. 
Griffith estimated the percentage of waste to be 23^^, while 
Mr. Smith estimated it at ISy-Q-. These two difl'erences ac- 
count for a part of the variation in the estimates. 

Waste by the Mining of the Available Coal left in the 
Ground. — This may be considered under two heads : — 

First. — That which is absolutely necessary and cannot be 
avoided. 

Second. — That which may be diminished or done away 
with by better methods of mining. 

Unavoidable Waste by Mining. — It is evident that, except 
in very special cases, it is not possible to remove all the coal. 
A certain amount must be left in order to maintain the 
slopes, shafts, gangways, air- ways, &c., and in some cases to 
support the surface, as, for instance, under railroads, streets, 
houses, streams of water, &c. A thorough study of each 
area to be worked will enable the mining engineer to reduce 
this, but it will never be possible to take out all the coal, 
except by stripping. In thin veins, where the long-wall 
system [D-4, Nos. 33, 34, 35] of working is used, a ver}^ 
large percentage of the coal can be taken out, and where 
the method of gobbing up is used, as is ver}^ commonly 
the case in France {methode par remblais), a very large 
percentage of the coal can be obtained. The possibility of 
adopting the latter method, however, depends very largely 



13 

on the rate of wages paid in the district and the price of 
coal. The nature of the roof or of the floor of the vein 
may often be an insuperable obstacle to getting out all the 
coal. The proximity of the veins to each other is also 
a difficulty. In strata where there is a good deal of water 
it may be necessary to sacrifice coal in order to prevent 
the water from reaching the lower levels, and thereby 
causing too great an expense for pumping, including, 
as it may do, a great consumption of coal, so that it may 
be better mining to leave larger pillars. Where the pitch 
of the veins is great, it is^ often necessary near the bottom 
of the basins to leave considerable coal to prevent the whole 
superincumbent strata from crushing in the mine. In 
other words, to keep the mine safe and in such a condition 
that maximum quantity of coal can be worked economi- 
cally out of the openings, a certain part of the coal must 
always be sacrificed. Where the mine generates large 
quantities of fire-damp, it may be necessary for safety to 
leave large pillars between the air courses, and it may not 
be possible to rob as closely as it would be were the mines 
free from gas. 

It is one of the best evidences of engineering skill when 
the coal that must be sacrificed is determined and deliber- 
ately set apart for that purpose at the time the colliery is 
opened out, or very soon thereafter. 

Avoidable Waste by Mining. — When any given territory 
is to be worked a much larger percentage of coal can be 
gotten out if the conditions in which the coal occurs are 
carefully studied, and a general system of working decided 
upon and thoroughly carried out from the beginning. One 
of the most important points is to leave large pillars more 
than sufficient to sustain the workings and to take no more 
coal than is commercially necessary until the boundary" of 
the colliery is reached, and then to rob back carefully in 
sections, so that whatever caving-in occurs is back of the 
main body of the coal still to be worked. The gangways 
and other openings should be driven through the faults 



14 

wherever it is necessar}^ to properly open up the work- 
ings, and the coal should be mined regularly instead of 
taking only the better coal first, and leaving the inferior 
for future operations. One of the great causes of loss of 
coal is the tendency to leave too small pillars which are not 
sufficient to sustain the pressure or crushing, thus closing 
off much coal that could otherwise be gotten out. In order 
to avoid leaving in the ground much coal that is fit for 
market, the breakers should be prepared to take anything 
the mine may send to them, and the miners should not be 
required to leave coal inside because it contains more slate 
than the breaker is able to handle without cutting down its 
capacity. In many cases where veins contain bands of 
slate they are either not worked or onl}^ those portions of 
the veins which are pure are taken out ; that is to say, in 
many cases a vein containing 10 feet of coal, interstratified 
with slate, will not yield more than a vein of clean coal 4 
or 5 feet thick. 

Waste Due to Preparation. — As is well known, anthracite 
coal is not sold in the same way as bituminous. The latter 
is generally sold " run of mine ;" that is to say, the large, 
small, and dust are usually shipped together just as the 
coal comes from the mine, and, at the most, only 2 or 3 
sizes are made. This cannot be done with anthracite, as in 
order to have a good economical combustion the pieces 
used in a fire should be as far as possible of about the same 
size. The sizes are known in the market, beginning with 
largest, as lump, steamboat, broken, egg, stove, chestnut, 
pea, buckwheat, No. 2 buckwheat or rice, and No. 3 buck- 
wheat. Screenings made at shipping points are sold as " pea 
and dust," and there has already developed a large trade 
in what is known as culm, which is made at the m.ines, 
and includes some of the finer coals mixed with the dust. 

As a general thing, much more lump, steamboat, broken, 
and egg are produced naturally than can be sold, and less 
stove and chestnut. This involves the breaking up by 
mechanical means of the surplus of the larger sizes. Pea, 



15 

buckwheat, and the finer sizes must be sold as they are 
made, and it is impossible to diminish the quantity below 
a certain amount, dependent upon the quantity of coal 
broken and the method used for breaking it. These 
smaller sizes must therefore be sold at what they will bring, 
stocked, or thrown upon the dirt banks. 

It is possible to make a certain quantity of any size of 
coal that is desired, but consumers who wish, for their 
own convenience, to use special sizes of which the produc- 
tion is limited, must pay not only the actual cost of mak- 
ing them, but also the loss of coal caused by the breakage. 
This breaking down of the coal is one of the great causes of 
waste. When pieces of coal coming from the mine are of such 
peculiar shapes that they cannot be burned with economy or 
convenience they must be broken into smaller sizes. In 
many mines large quantities of flat or abnormally long pieces 
occur which consumers will not take. A still larger por- 
tion of the coal must be broken, because it has attached to 
it pieces of slate or bone which renders it unfit for market. 
By breaking it down the objectionable parts can be re- 
moved in the preparation and a large amount of good mar- 
ketable coal obtained. 

Breaking up, of course, causes much loss, as the percent- 
age of the smaller sizes, which are of much less value, and 
the percentage of dust, which is of no value at present, are 
greatly increased. Great attention should be given to the 
breaking of the coal. It seems to be pretty well demon- 
strated that less waste is caused when the coal is broken down 
by degrees, that is, when lump is broken to steamboat, steam- 
boat to broken, broken to egg, &c., than when, an effort is 
made to break down lump or steamboat directly into stove 
and chestnut. Careful study should in all cases be made of 
the way in which the particular coal breaks, and we should 
try to adapt the machinery to the nature of the coal. The 
ordinar}^ method of breaking is by what is known as rolls. 
Great improvements have of late years been made in their 
construction. They were formerly merely cast-iron cylin- 
ders, with more or less rude cast-iron teeth upon them, but 



16 

now they are constructed with much greater care. They 
are made of cast-iron cylinders carefully turned, with cast- 
steel teeth inserted in them very accurately, and great at- 
tention is paid to the form, construction, tempering, sharp- 
ening, and insertion of the teeth. They are so arranged 
that whenever a tooth becomes dull or breaks it can be taken 
out. Some use fluted cast-iron C3dinders [D-2, No. 27]; 
that is to say, cylinders in which the teeth are continuous 
from one end to the other, the coal being broken very much 
as a man breaks a piece of chalk or a slate pencil with his 
two hands. 

At Bernice, where the coal is very brittle, it is broken by 
means of chisels inserted in a head, which has an up and 
down motion very much like the hammer part of the steam- 
hammer, the coal passing under it. [D-1, Xo. 3.] A mod- 
ification of the Blake rock breaker has been used, and also 
a breaker constructed very much like a coffee-mill; that is, 
there is a funnel-shaped cavity with teeth on it in which a 
cone covered with teetli moves. The shaft of this cone at 
the lower end is in a step, or ball and socket joint, while 
the upper end describes a circle, so that the axis of the 
shaft of the cone describes a conical surface. 

At CA^ery colliery careful experiments should be made to 
determine whether the coal breaks with little or much 
waste. For example, the waste in breaking a ton of broken 
coal from one colliery may be two or three times as much as 
in breaking a ton from another colliery. Where this waste 
is much above the average, greater efforts should be made 
to sell the large sizes even at a lower price; or where several 
collieries belong to one company the orders for large coal 
should be given to the colliery making most waste in 
breaking. 

Another great cause of waste is the screening. If the 
screens are overcroAvded the pieces of coal abraid each other 
in passing through the screen. This may be diminished by 
making the screens shorter, taking the larger sizes out at 
the end, and dropping the smaller soon after the coal enters 
the screen. By putting two sizes of jackets upon the screen 



17 

so as to make two sizes in each screen, and placing several 
screens under one another, each taking coal from the pre- 
ceding one, waste of this kind may be diminished. In 
a number of collieries gyrating screens [D-2, No. 27] 
are used, in which the coal does not remain for any length 
of time upon the screen, and it is almost impossible for one 
lump to ride upon another. 

In the construction of breakers the waste can be very ap- 
preciably diminished by arranging the chutes in such a 
way that the coal does not rush down them, and that there 
are no drops in the chutes or into the pockets. This also 
applies to the running of the coal into the screens. The 
coal should be allowed to enter the screens as gently as 
possible. 

A certain amount of waste is made in loading cars which 
is very difficult to avoid, as the cars are at present of so 
many different sizes. If you have arranged to load a high 
car economically, there is waste in loading a low one, and 
if you arrange to load a low car economically you cannot 
load the high cars at all. 

What has been said about the loading of the cars applies 
with great force to the unloading of the coal at the ship- 
ping points and loading it into vessels there. There is un- 
doubtedly a great waste in this way. Attention is being 
called to this point, and better methods of loading and un- 
loading are beiug adopted, although there is a wide field 
for invention and improvement here. 

The demand for certain sizes of coal varies with the sea- 
son, and there are times when more coal is produced than 
can be marketed, at other times more coal is burned than 
is mined ; this is especially the case in the West, to which 
it is shipped largely by water, and where the coal is needed 
principall}^ in the winter. In consequence of this con- 
dition of affairs large amounts of coal must be stocked in 
the dull season and picked up afterwards. Enormous 
storage plants have been erected all over the country, and 
much waste is occasioned by the handling of the coal 
in them, particularly with the older and more primitive 



18 

plants. The loss on large sizes shipped by the lakes to 
Chicago, Milwaukee, Duluth, &c., and reshipped in cars 
there, amounts to from 5 to 11 per cent. ; that is, there is 
that much pea, buckwheat, and dust made in handling 
the coal after it leaves the mines. Stocking coal should 
therefore be avoided as much as possible, and every me- 
chanical device to reduce the breakage should be em- 
ployed. 

A large portion of the coal coming from the mine is 
either what we may call slate-coal or bony coal. By slate- 
coal is meant coal which has pieces of slate of greater or 
less size attached to it, which can be separated by breaking 
the coal into smaller pieces and subjecting it to preparation. 
Bony coal is coal in which the impurities are so intermingled 
with the coal that it is impossible to break the coal in 
such small pieces as to separate the impurities. Sometimes 
bony coal is merely coal with such a high percentage of 
ash as to interfere seriously with its burning. Until a 
comparatively recent date slate-coal and bony coal were 
practically wasted. They were either left in the mines by 
not working the veins containing any large quantity of 
them, or by not loading anything that was of this charac- 
ter. Of course this involved leaving behind much good 
coal, as it was very difficult for the miner with his 
poor light to separate them from the good coal. If 
brought out they w^ere generally thrown on the dirt bank, 
except such portions as were sent to the consumer against 
his will. 

To such a great extent was this carried on that many of 
the old coal banks are being worked with profit yielding 
as high as 75 per cent, of good coal. Already some of the 
collieries are putting a portion of their old dirt banks 
through the breakers with the fresh mined coal, where 
they have better facilities for cleaning it. 

The above remarks apply, but with not so great force, to 
what is known as slippy [or crushed] coal. 

In many collieries the coal thus lost was a ver}^ large 
percentage of what was actually won. We are not now 



19 

discussing coal that was thrown away because it was too 
small. We are only referring to coal wasted because it was 
not marketable in the shape it came from the mines, and 
the breaker was not in condition to prepare it econom- 
ically. It was considered that the coal that might be ob- 
tained would cost more than it would bring if an effort 
was made to save it. 

The great difficulty was the want of proper facilities for 
preparation. The breakers as then constructed could not 
clean the coal properly. Much of the machinery now 
used in preparing anthracite, although to a certain extent 
known abroad, was not in use here. Reference has already 
been made to the improvements in rolls. The range of coal 
which it was possible to prepare has been much increased, 
and the cost of preparation diminished, by the adoption of 
apparatuses for separating the coal from slate by mechanical 
means. Among the most important of these are what are 
known as jigs [D-2, No. 27], of which there are several 
types used for the larger coals, and the Feldspar jigs, which 
are used for the smaller coals; the automatic slate pickers 
[D-2, No. 27], which enable the operator to remove a larger 
quantity of slate from the coal at a comparatively small 
cost when it is done on a large scale. The great advantage 
of these types of apparatus is, that the cost of preparation 
does not depend to so large an extent upon the amount of 
slate in the coal as it does where it is picked out by hand. 
In other words, coal containing more slate can be brought 
to a marketable condition with less expense. 

When we come to the smaller sizes, bony coal is not so 
detrimental as it is in the large sizes. The bony coal, when 
ignited in large pieces, becomes coated with ashes and does 
not burn on the inside, leaving large masses of partially 
consumed material which goes out and eventually deadens 
the fire. 

There have also been great improvements in the construc- 
tion of the screens which are now made of much larger 
capacity, allowing a much better classification of coal. 
A great improvement in the screening of small sizes is 



20 

the substitution of punched steel, copper, or bronze plates 
for wire screens and cast-iron screens. The openings are 
generally made circular and maintain their original di- 
mensions better. The coal produced is of a more uniform 
size, and the jackets do not wear out as soon. 

This saving of the impure coal is a matter of great im- 
portance. It tends to diminish the cost of production, be- 
cause by utilizing the impure coal you increase the product 
of a mine without increasing either the cost of the plant, 
the driving of gangways, pumping, opening breasts, and 
the major part of the general expenses, and in addition the 
labor of the miner necessary to produce a ton of coal is de- 
creased, as he does not have to spend his time separating 
the pure coal from the slate coal, and much good coal 
which in the old method was left with the refuse will be 
brought 1o the breaker. Of course it involves a much 
larger investment in building the breaker, which must be 
supplied with a large quantity of more or less costly ma- 
chinery, every additional machine increasing materially 
the cost of the breaker. 

Where the quantity of impure coal is large the labor 
account on the breaker, notwithstanding the saving due to 
machinery, is greater. It is probable, however, that in 
many cases the saving inside will at least make up for the 
additional cost outside. AVhen this method of saving coal 
is adopted the yield per acre is very much greater. By 
far the most important saving of waste, however, that has 
been accomplished is due to the better utilization of the 
smaller sizes. 

They were first used at the mines for making steam, and 
little if an}^ care was paid to their preparation, but as 
the market for them began to increase more attention was 
given to it. It is very important that they should be prop- 
erly sized ; that is to say, that each kind of small coal 
should be as nearly as possible of uniform size. Pea coal 
should contain but little buckwheat, buckwheat should 
contain but little No. 2 buckwheat or rice, &c. This 
cannot be done absolutely, but the more perfect the 



21 

sizing the more satisfactory will be the burning of the 
coal. These small coals vary very much in purity. If 
they are made exclusively by breaking up larger lumps of 
pure coal they will be a very desirable fuel ; but if they are 
made from the dirty or crushed coal coming from the mine, 
particularly where the breasts are steep and much small 
slate is mixed with it, they may contain a very large quan- 
tity of impurities. 

The coal must then be carefully jigged, otherwise the 
amount of clinker, ash, and refuse will be so great as to 
materially interfere with its use and value. 

It is very important that the chemical composition of 
the coals should be studied ; that is, they should be analyzed 
from time to time so as to determine the amount of ash 
and slate contained in them. 

Bony coal when broken up does not do as much damage 
to the smaller coals as it does to the larger, although the 
purer the coal the better the results obtained will be. 

A number of experiments were made in the testing 
laboratory of Coxe Bros. & Co., by Mr. John R. Wagner, in 
burning small coals, from which the following conclusions 
were arrived at : — 

A series of careful experiments were made with a forced 
draught, obtained in one case by a fan and in the other by 
a steam jet, which showed : — 

First. — That the ashes produced by a steam jet were never 
as low in carbon as those produced by the fan ; that is, an 
appreciably larger per cent, of the carbon was utilized by 
the fan-blast. This appears to be due to the fact that when 
the carbon in the ash over the grate is reduced to a certain 
point the steam dampens it somewhat, and it ceases to 
burn sooner than it does when dr}^ air only is blown 
through it. 

Second.— That with the fan-blast the rate of combus- 
tion per square foot per hour is greater than with the 
steam jet. 

Third. — It Was found that wdiere abed of coal was ignited 
and burned out, the percentage of carbon in the ash is much 



22 

less than where coal is successively added to the burning 
mass. In practice it is not generally possible to allow the 
bed to burn out sufficiently before adding the cold, unig- 
nited coal ; the result is a damping down of the fire, which 
causes the ash to cease burning sooner than it would do if 
there were no reduction of temperature and checking of the 
draught due to the adding of the coal. 

Fourth. — There seems to be no doubt that the introduc- 
tion of steam into the ash-pit decreases very materially 
the tendency of the coal to clinker on the grate in com- 
parison with the fan-blast or natural draught. It also 
changes the color, volume, and character of the flame and 
increases the distance that the flame extends be^^ond the 
bridge-wall. In many cases it is not practical, or at least 
it is very difficult, to burn the smaller sizes of coal without 
the steam jet on account of the clinkering. This effect of 
steam on clinkering is probably due to the fact that the 
steam, to a certain extent, moistens the ash close to the 
grate and prevents the ash from reaching there as high a 
temperature as it would with dry air. It is also probable 
that the decomposition of the steam into carbonic oxide 
and hydrogen, which takes place to a certain extent, and 
which, of course, is accompanied by a reduction of tem- 
perature, tends to prevent clinkering. The decomposition 
of the steam, accompanied by the formation of carbonic 
oxide and hydrogen, will probably account for the differ- 
ence in the flame referred to. [D-2, No. 5.] 

Fifth. — A careful study of the burning of culm, that is, 
the burning of small coals with more or less dust in them, 
in these and other experiments, seemed to show that 
in almost all cases it is accompanied by a very high 
percentage of carbon in the ash, which analysis showed, 
in some cases, reached 58 per cent. Unless special pre- 
cautions are taken to prevent it, a large portion of the fine 
coal runs down through the grate. When the culm gets 
red hot it acts almost like dry sand and works its way 
into the ash-pit, thus increasing largely the percentage of 
carbon. Where coal has to be transported any distance, 



23 

the value of the culm at the mines being very small, it is 
probable, from the investigations made, that it would be 
cheaper to remove the dust and transport only the larger 
coal. 

Sixth. — It has been found that the percentage of iron 
pyrites, which occurs to a greater or less extent in all 
coals, increases very rapidly with the smallness of the 
coal. This is due to the fact that the iron pyrites occur 
generally in thin layers or incrustations on the coal. 
These thin layers are broken off and pulverized in the 
preparation and handling of the coal, and are therefore 
found to a much greater extent in the very small coal. It 
is, of course, well known that the presence of iron pyrites 
in fuel is very undesirable, as it generates sulphurous acid 
and has a tendency to destroy the grates or other iron work 
around the boilers, besides in many cases increasing the 
tendency to clinker. 

Seventh. — That while the fan-blast produces the best ash 
and gives a more perfect rate of combustion, yet in many 
cases it is more advantageous to use the steam-blower on 
account of the clinkering, which may cause very serious 
trouble. In certain localities, particularly in cities, tlie 
noise of the steam-blower is sometimes a disadvantage. 

Eighth. — While it is not positively demonstrated, it is 
thought that the question of mixing small coals from dif- 
ferent veins or different localities is a matter of impor- 
tance. It would appear that sometimes two coals, each 
of which, when burned separately, give reasonably satis- 
factory results, when mixed together clinker and give 
trouble, probably because the ash of the combined coals 
forms a much more fusible silicate than either of the ashes 
separately. 

Ninth. — It would seem tliat the combustion of the small 
anthracite is more perfect when the coal remains undis- 
turbed, or as nearly as possible in the condition in which 
it was put in the fire, instead of being turned over, so that 
the partially consumed and the unconsumed coal are mixed 
together. 



24 

COMMERCIAL CAUSES OF WASTE. 

Up to this point the report has been confined to the 
consideration of the questions which concerned principally 
those engaged in the mining of the coal. We no\A' come to 
the consideration of another series of problems, which are 
important to the general public, and in which their co- 
operation is more or less necessary in order to obtain more 
satisfactory results. 

The first point is the eff'ect that the rates of transportation 
have upon the utilization of the smaller sizes of anthracite. 

Until a comparatively recent period the rates paid for all 
sizes of anthracite were the same, and as the smaller sizes 
came largely in competition with cheap fuels of all kinds, 
particularly bituminous coal, the higher rates of transpor- 
tation charged had a tendency to restrict the market, in 
consequence of which all the buckwheats, and even some 
of the pea coal, were in many cases thrown upon the dirt 
banks. 

The lower the relative value of an}^ coal the less expense 
of transportation it can bear. For example: If two fuels, 
one worth 25 cents per ton and the other §2 per ton at the 
mines, were used at the mines, a saving of $15 per day 
would be made if 20 tons of the cheaper fuel would do the 
work of 10 tons of the more expensive : but if they should 
be carried to a point where the rate of transportation was 
S2 per ton, the 10 tons of the dearer fuel would then cost §40, 
while the 20 tons of the cheaper fuel would cost $45, thus 
causing a loss of So per day, assuming the cost of firing, &c., 
to be the same in both cases ; therefore, in order to allow 
the cheaper fuel to compete, a less rate of transportation 
would have to be charged on it than on the more expensive 
fuel. 

This point has been thoroughly recognized by the trans- 
portation companies, and of late years pea coal has been 
carried at a less rate than the larger sizes, and buckwheat 
at a less rate than pea, in consequence of which a very 
great increase in the use of the smaller sizes has been 



25 

brought about. Of course, this development is not entirely 
due to tlie rate of tolls, but also to a better acquaintance of 
the public with the value of these fuels, and the invention 
of special furnaces, &c., to utilize them. 

In order to make a market for any product it must 
be worth w^hat it costs the consumer, and in addition must 
be known by or be made known to him. 

It is now proposed to call attention, briefly, to the different 
methods by which the smaller sizes of anthracite are now 
utilized, as well as to those others which have been tried 
wdth more or less success, or which are in process of trial. 

The sizes of coal generally classed under the head of small 
anthracites are pea. No. 1 buckwheat. No. 2 buckwheat, 
sometimes called rice. No. 3 buckwheat, and culm. The 
list below will give a clear idea of the degree of fineness 
of each, and represents all the different meshes used in the 
trade as far as the Commission could obtain data in regard 
to them. 

Pea coal is made : — 

Through | inch square and over % inch square ; 

Through | square and over ^ square ; 

Or through || round punched and over f'g round punched ; 

Or through f square wire and over ^ square wire ; 

Through f square wire and over I square wire ; 

Or through f square punched and over | square punched ; 

Or through f square cast and over ^ square cast ; 

Or through f to | square wire and over | to f punched phite ; 

Or through f round punched and over ^ round punched ; 

Or through f square wire and over f square wire ; 

Or through f and over -^^ ; 

Through f and over | round and square ; 

Through ^^ and over j\ round punched. 

Buckwheat No. 1 is made : — 

Through f square and over f square ; 
Through | square and over | square ; 
Through j^^ round punched and over /^ round punched ; 
Or through ^ square wire and over | square wire ; 

Or through ^ square and round wire and punched and over y'\. round 
punched plate ; 

round punched and over |- round punched ; 



26 

Or through | square wire and over ^ square wiie ; 

Or through I square cast and over ^ square east ; 

Or through I square punched and over I square punched ; 

Or through I square wire and over j\ round punched. 

Or through ^ square punched and square wire and over { by 1^ punched, 

and i round punched and ^ square wire ; 
Or through ^ square wire and over f square wire. 
Or through ^ square wire and square punched and over \ square wire 

and square punched ; 
Or through h round punched and over ^ round punched ; 
Or through f square wire and over ^ square wire ; 
Through | round punched and over j\ round punched ; 
Or through | and f punched plate and over | and j% punched plate ; 
Or through j\ square and over f round ; 
Through j\ round punched and over y\ round punched. 

Buckwheat No. 2 is made : — 

Through | square and over -/g round ; 

Through | round punched and over y\ round punched ; 

Through f round and over ^ round ; 

Through f round punched and over y\ round punched (manganese 

bronze) ; 
Through j\ round punched and over | round punched ; 
Through I square wire and over | by 1^ punched ; 
Through ^ square wire and over I by IJ punched ; 
Through I square wire and over | square wire ; 
Through \ square wire and punched and over ^ square wire and round 

punched ; 
Through I square and round punched and wire and | round punched, 

and over I round punched ; 
Through ^ square ware and over /j square wire ; 
Through i square cast and over } square cast ; 
Through ^ square cast and over | round punched ; 
Through ^ square cast and over 3% round punched ; 
Through ^ square punched and over j\ round punched ; 
Through ^ square and over | square ; 
Tlirough ^ round and over y\ by Ih; punched. 

Buckwheat No. 3 is made : — 

Through j\ round launched and over J round punched; 

Through y\ round punched and over j\ and j\ round punched (both 

manganese bronze) ; 
Through ^ square cast and over y% round ; 
Through g square and over j\ square ; 
Through ^ and over j\. 



27 



Culm or waste is made :- 



Through f square wire ; 

Through -^-^ round punched ; 

Through \ by 1\, \ square wire and \ round punched ; 

Through \ oblong ; 

Through \ square wire ; 

Through \ square; 

Through \ round punched ; 

Through j\ by I4- punched; 

Through y^ round punched plate (manganese bronze) ; 

Tlirough I square wire ; 

Through I by 1\ punched ; 

Through ^ round punched ; 

Through g^V square wire ; 

Through 3% round punched ; 

Through Jg round punched (manganese bronze) ; 

Through jV round. 

The small anthracites are used : — 

1. For Domestic Purposes. — Pea coal is used successfully 
for heaters or furnaces, sometimes alone, and sometimes 
with large coal to reduce the intensity of the fire. Many 
people put pea coal on their furnaces at night, which 
keeps up a moderate fire, burning slowly and economically 
at a time when only a gentle heat is wanted. Pea coal 
is also used in ranges and stoves for cooking with excellent 
results and economy, when those using it understand how 
to handle it. Those accustomed to its use are perfectly sat- 
isfied with it. It is also an excellent fuel for low-down 
grates, where an intense heat is not desired. It is one of 
the best fuels for base burners when they are properly con- 
structed. 

It is probable that before many years most of the pea 
coal will be used for domestic purposes, and that it will 
take rank with stove and chestnut as a domestic size. 

Buckwheat coal is used in large and growing quantities 
in towns for generating steam, which is. supplied to private 
bouses for heating and other purposes. The boilers are 
generally located near the railroad, and the steam is carried 
in pipes laid in the street just as gas pipes are. This is 
also done in large private houses and institutions. 



28 

The smaller buckwheats might also be used for this pur- 
pose. Any institution or private person heating a building 
with steam or hot water can use these sizes. 

2. Use for Generating Steam and for Manifadurlng Purposes. 
In this section we will only consider those cases wdiere the 
coal is used as it is shipped from the breaker ; the question 
of mixing it wdth other combustibles wdll be considered 
further on. 

For many years pea coal has been used on a large scale 
for making steam on land and water. It is a fayorite fuel 
for steamboats where cleanliness is desired. It is easy to 
handle, and can be burned on almost any kind of grate, or 
at least on grates that are much more simple than those re- 
quired for the still smaller sizes. It can also be burned 
with natural draught, as the pieces are large enough to 
allow the air to pass freely through the interstices between 
them w^hen the bed of coal is thick enough to make a good 
fire. Where the item of expense is not of the first impor- 
tance, it is one of the best fuels in the world for manufactur- 
ing purposes and for steam yessels, and it is also used to a 
moderate extent for forging. It is sold through Pennsyl- 
yania, New Jerse}^, Xew York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, 
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Rhode Island, but 
is not much used in the South and West. It is used also 
for burning lime. It is seldom if eyer used mixed with 
bituminous coal. It is probable- that, as the demand for 
pea coal increases for domestic purposes, it will gradually 
be replaced as a manufacturing fuel b}^ buckwheat coal. 

Buckwheat coal is largely used for making steam. It is 
gradually taking the place of pea coal for that p)urpose. It 
is used for burning lime, and has a promising future for use 
in gas producers. 

No. 2 buckwheat is just beginning to be used, principally 
for steam, either alone or mixed with bituminous coal and 
sometimes with sawdust and shayings. It has a large 
future in plants properly constructed for generating steam, 
especially for electric light and electric railway plants, as 
it is cheap, clean, and makes no smoke. 



29 

No. 3 buckwheat is used for steam, and it and dust 
are used by brick-makers to mix with the clay. Its use 
for generating steam offers a promising field to investiga- 
tors. 

3. For Locomotives. — One of the most important uses of 
small anthracite is as a locomotive fuel. [D-2, No. 1 and 
No. 13.] The following-named railroads use it to a con- 
siderable extent, with entirely satisfactory results in most 
cases, and effect a great saving in cost of fuel thereby, viz. : 
Philadelphia and Eeading, Central Railroad of New 
Jersey, Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, Delaware 
and Hudson Canal Company, Erie and Wyoming Valley 
(Pennsylvania Coal Company), New York, Ontario and 
W^estern, and Delaware, Susquehanna and Schuylkill. 
The general tendency seems to be towards an increase in 
the number of locomotives burning small anthracite. 
Buckwheat is the size generally used on freight trains and 
pea on passenger trains. 

The accompanying table (Appendix B) shows the results 
of the experience of the principal roads using the small 
sizes of anthracite as locomotive fuel. The data con- 
tained therein have been given by those in authority on 
the different roads, and their names will be found in 
the table. It was the aim of the Commission, in compil- 
ing this table, to give such locomotive dimensions as have 
a direct bearing on the burning of the fuel, as well as some 
comparative data as to the use and value of different kinds 
of locomotive fuels ; and, also, information relating to the 
properties and preparation of the smaller sizes of anthracite 
coal used. 

There seems to be no question as to the value of small 
anthracite on all but very fast trains. The sharp exhaust 
of the steam, when a locomotive is running at a very high 
speed, has a tendency to ^' turn up " the fire of small-sized 
anthracite, and also to draw a considerable amount of the 
smaller pieces out through the stack, which, in addition to 
being unpleasant to the passengers on the trains, is a loss 
of fuel. 



30 

It is probable, as Mr. Paxson states (in the table), that by 
using compound locomotives, the exhaust nozzles of which 
are larger, the exhaust consequently less sharp and the 
amount of steam required to run less than on simple lo- 
comotives, small anthracite may be used as fuel on even 
the fastest trains. In this connection attention is called 
to the statement in the Philadelphia and Reading (Main 
Line and Williamsport Divisions) column of the table that 
all locomotives built in future shall have fire-boxes suited 
for burning small anthracite, and also to the test of com- 
pound engine No. 229, on passenger service, in the Central 
Railroad of New Jersey column. 

To burn small anthracite on locomotives a much larger 
grate surface is required than on those burning large an- 
thracite or bituminous, as well as a special form of grate 
bar. Somewhat more skill is required in their use, as 
light and judicious firing is necessary with the small 
anthracite. 

A strong argument in favor of small anthracite as loco- 
motive fuel is, that a number of railroads now using such 
fuel are replacing the old fire-boxes for burning larger sized 
fuels by others suited for burning small sizes of anthracite 
in engines taken into their shops for general overhauling 
and repairs. 

The Commission would therefore call attention to the 
value of small anthracite as locomotive fuel, particularly in 
cities and for suburban passenger trafiic, where a not too 
expensive but smokeless fuel is desirable. For such use it 
will undoubtedly prove valuable, even at a considerable 
distance from market. 

4. Use in Gas Producers. — After a period of trial which at 
first was not successful, pea coal. No. 1 buckwheat, and to a 
certain extent No. 2 buckwheat, are now being used suc- 
cessfully in gas producers for a great number of purposes, 
as is seen by the accompanying table. The two producers 
which are used at present are known as the Taylor and 
the Swindell. The improvement in the preparation of the 
buckwheat coals due to more perfect sizing and jigging, by 



31 



means of which latter the percentage of ash is reduced, 
opens a field for these fuels, which is constantly growing 
and promises to be very extensive. The following table 
shows the vast range of uses to which the gas obtained is 
applicable : — 

Partial List of Uses of the small sizes of Anthracite with 
Gas Producers. 



Sizes of 
Anthracite. 


Number of 
Producera. 


Kind of 

Producer 

used. 


Buckwheat, \ 

Nos. 1 & 2 1 


2 


Taylor. 


Buckwheat, \ 

Nos. 1 &2/ 


6 


(I 




Buckwheat, 1 


9 


(( 


No. 1 . . / 






Pea coal . . . 


1 


" 


Buckwheat, \ 
Nos. 1 & 2 / 


6 


u 




Buckwheat, \ 
No. 1 . . / 


13 


" 


Buckwheat, \ 
No. 1 . . 1 


9 


(( 


Buckwheat, \ 
No. 1 . . / 


2 


il 


Buckwheat, \ 
No. 1 . . / 


1 


u 


Buckwheat, \ 
No. 1 . . / 


11 


a 


Pea & buck-] 






wheat, No. y 

1 .... J 

Buckwheat, ( 

No. 1 . . r 


2 


il 


2 


u 


Buckwheat, \ 

No. 1 . . / 


1 


il 


Buckwheat, 1 

No. 1 . . r 


6 


Swindell. 



Kind of Work. 



/ Firing biscuit and decorating kilns 
\ in pottery in Trenton, N, J. 
/Firing bone-black char-kilns in 
\ sugar refinery, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Burning lime in Texas, Md. 

/ Drying steel ladles and converter 
1 bottoms, Steelton, Pa. 
( Tempering and annealing steel at 
t South Bethlehem, Pa. 
/ Drying and roasting in soda-ash 
1 manufactory at Syracuse, N. Y. ' 
/ Roasting magnetic and sulphur- 
\ ous ore at Emaus, Pa. 
r Roasting magnetic and snlphur- 
t ons ore at Midvale, N. J. 
/ Running Otto gas-engine in 
\ Philadelphia, Pa. 
r Firing spelter furnaces and re- 
I volving furnaces for deoxidiz- 
I ing zinc ore at South Bethle- 
[ hem, Pa. 
Firing copper heating and an- 
nealing furnace at Ansonia, 
Conn. 
/ Drying moulds and cores in pipe 
t foundry at Florence, N. J. 
Manufacture of Portland cement 
and sulphuric acid from gypsum 
at Buffalo, N. Y. 
f Heating furnaces for heating 
\ muck bar at Oxford, N. J. 



5. The Manifacturing of Coke. — A number of efforts have 
been made to utilize the anthracite dust by mixing it 
either with highly bituminous coal (such as gas-coal) or 
bitumen, and then coking it. The Pennsylvania Second 
Geological Survey made a number of valuable experiments 



32 

which are described at length in their reports. [D-1, No. 
1 and No. 2.] 

The late J. A. Price (originally chairman of the Com- 
mission) made a series of experiments at the gas-works 
in Carbondale, with the view of determining the possibility 
of making a coke by mixing anthracite culm with bitu- 
minous slack. 

The following table shows the numbers of the experi- 
ments, weight of the bituminous, weight of anthracite, &c., 
as well as the analysis of the product obtained. The coke 
thus obtained gave the following results : — 



J ^ 





1 






r^ 


oT 


^ 











o 






CQ 








^ 


;3 


rG . 










^ 


^ 


tCCJ 


-U 








6^ % 


bBo 


is 




02 


OS 






§^ 


hS 


> 


g 

U 
oq 






i So 

QJ CD ^ 


&c 


go; 
c 


O) 02 








02 ri ^ 


."S 


-tj .^ 
















^3 








^-S ^ 


^1 



CJ^ 


0.5 










^s 


-^^ 























M 


03 


02 


02 






r- ' 


—I CD 


-^ CD 




.0.. 






^^ 


CO > 


S^ 


S^^ 






1—1 






T— 1 


■ u 


CO 


00 


CO 


(M 





10 


r; 3 





00 




CO 




CO 


M-^^ 


OS 


p 


p 


cq 


^ 


I>; 


''•^ &( 




rH 




'-5 






s" 


CO 


tH 


05 


CO 





05 


i 


!>. 


S 


LO 


p 


05 










oi 


Oi 


rH 


ci 


(m' 


CO 


i:^ 


t^ 


CO 


i^ 


CO 




a 


t^ 


CO 





10 





t^ 




(D 


CO 


-H 


1— 1 




-^ 


!>: 




^ 


^ 


C^ 


c^i 


T-H 


(M' 


^ 


m' 


£ 


rH 


rH 


1— 1 


1—1 




rH 


^ 








-4J 




■4^ 


4^ 


5:5 


'CJ 


-TS 


rd'TS 


'^ 


rG'^ 


^T5 







a> 


i5 


tJDO 


(D 


bXDCD 


si) CD 




a 


P^ 


P^ 


3M 


p:^ 


3M 


3« 


ill 


Oi 


1—1 


'^ 


10 


• 10 


<M 


!o 





1:^ 


^1 


1-H 


P 


|SS 


10 


CO 


CO 


LO 


CO 


rJH 


^ • 





Oi 


t^ 


10 


LO 


(M 


p 


p 




LO 


P 


10 


rH 


c<i 


c<i 


1-H 


rH 


rH 


c<i 


si 


02 


00 


02 


02 


02 


oi 








^ 


G 


d 


S6 





^ 


rH 


^ 


J2 


^ 


X3 


^ 


-G 




, . 


0) 


. (D 


. . 


. (X» 


• 0) 






fi fl 


i=l 




S 


fl 


^J 


* * 


"xai^Pl 


'q=l 




"td 


•«a 


-2 


• • 


^^ 


■'O 




"d 


•'tj 







0) O) 


. <l> 




. <i> 


. Q^ 


Fh 


<x> 


G fl 


G 


<Xi 




fl 


.a 



11 


go; . 


tl 




si 


§2 







CJ CJ 







•rt 


•-H 




OQ 


mm 


'^m 


00 


P^iX! 


P^OQ 




• 02 


• 02 


• 02 


. 02 


• 02 


. . 




• ^ 


• ^ 


rO 


.X5 


• ^ 


• m 


:3 


03 1=^ 


CC . — 1 




CO ' — ' 


02;—; 


SXS 


1 a 


£s 


"^ 


ig 


58 


^8 


!1 


ii3 


rH 

S 1 

1 a 


1-^ 

7^ 


T a 


87 


OrH 

S 1 

1 a 


'Sii 


-i^'d 


^'d 


^9 


^ 3 


ri^ S 


r^-d 




'^5 


^"^ 

'^.d 


'^rd 




1 ^^ 




S <! 




.43 


• ^ 


• -l-i 






^ 


.t^'S 


.ti fl 


.t^ C 


.-te.fl 


; .-te c 


-^ s 




pq^ 


M<1 


M<1 


P3<1 


p^<5^ 


*W^ 


1 


'1 


<1 


m 


1— ( 


(N 


00 

i 


1 * i 



34 

AVhen making coke in retorts from pure bituminous coal, 
the coke breaks into prisms and is not difficult to get out. 
When, however, the coke is made of a mixture of anthra- 
cite and bituminous as described here, the mass does not 
break up and is difficult to remove from the retorts. To do 
this without difficulty it would be necessary to have the 
retort much wider at the opening than at the other end. 

In considering the above table it is necessary to note 
that the empty box in which the coke was weighed was 
11 pounds heavier after than before the tests, having ab- 
sorbed 11 pounds of water. 

In each case the coke formed in one large firm mass 
which was very hard to break and get out of the retort, and 
the retort was, it was thought, smaller at the front end than 
at the back. 

The bituminous slack used was furnished by the Hen- 
dricks Manufacturing Company from their stock of black- 
smith coal, and was purchased from Berwind, White & Co. 
It was probably from the " Crown Freeport " seam of Jef- 
ferson County, Pa. 

The anthracite -was from the screenings of the local retail 
coal chutes and was probably mined by the D. & H. C. Co. 
in the vicinity. 

In making the tests the coal was first weighed, and then 
carefully mixed by hand and charged into the gas retort, the 
gas plant at Carbondale being of the old style for manufact- 
uring illuminating gas from bituminous coal. The coke 
was cooled after being drawn from the retorts by drenching 
with water, of which it absorbed quite a quantity, as is 
shown by the weight of the wet coke. 

Mr. J. W. Pittinos also experimented in the same line 
and obtained a patent for the process (patent No. 279,796). 

While it seems to be demonstrated that reasonably good 
coke can be manufactured as above described, yet the com- 
mercial conditions are such that there does not appear, ex- 
cept in special cases, any large field for the use of the culm 
and dust in this way.. (See remarks in " MM " of the Geo- 
logical Survey of Pennsylvania.) It might be done with 



35 

profit at points where gas-works are located when a supply 
of cheap culm could be obtained, although it would prob- 
ably require more retorts to produce the same number of 
cubic feet of gas per day. 

6. Mixed with Bituminous Coal. — A large amount of culm 
and buckwheat is now being used throughout New York 
State and in some other localites by mixing it with a certain 
percentage of bituminous coal. It is very common in the 
large cities to buy the '' pea and dust " made by screening 
the domestic sizes in the retail yards and use it in this way. 
Large quantities of culm are shipped from the Northern 
fields into New York State for a similar purpose. It is 
somewhat difficult to get exact data on this subject. One 
of the most satisfactory examples that the Commission has 
been able to obtain is a case in New York City, where 
ordinary yard " pea and dust " is burned for heating a large 
building. Ten parts of the '' pea and dust " is mixed with 
one part of the bituminous coal, care being taken to break 
the lumps of bituminous and to mix the material thoroughly 
before firing. This combination of coals produces no 
smoke from a chimney 100 feet high, except occasionally 
a slight puff. In this case natural draught only is used. 
The application of small coal in this way depends upon the 
relative cost of '' pea and dust " and bituminous coal, and it 
is probable that a large amount can be thus utilized. 

Another test was made at the New York steam-heating 
plant on Cortlandt Street, the report of which, while not 
giving full details, contains information of value. Twenty- 
five hundred tons of culm which passed through J-inch 
mesh was shipped by the Old Forge Coal Company, of 
Pittston, Pa., to Perth Amboy, where it was mixed with 
400 tons of bituminous slack from the Clearfield region, by 
loading boats with alternate layers of about 100 tons of 
anthracite culm and 20 tons of bituminous, as evenly as 
possible, until the boat was filled. This was unloaded in 
New Yoi'k by steam scoop and deposited in a large hopper 
on the dock, from which it ran into carts which took it to 
the basement of the steam company's station. It was 



36 

dumped into the cellar and carried to the top of the build- 
ing by conveyors, from which it ran through chutes to the 
several floors. In this way the two coals were pretty well 
mixed. It was burned under Babcock & AVilcox boilers, 
provided with McClave grates and Argand steam blowers. 
The coal was fed by hand with a shovel. The result was 
satisfactory as far as the production of steam was concerned, 
but there was an increased cj^uantity of ash produced, and 
more of the mixture was required to produce the same 
results than with buckwheat coal. The steam company 
considered that it was worth about 35 cents per ton less 
than buckwheat coal. 

The bituminous slack caused the mass to ignite quickly 
and burn freel}^, so that it was not necessary to use as 
strong a draught as when culm alone is fired. The caking 
of the bituminous coal cemented together to a certain ex- 
tent the culm and diminished the quantity that went 
through the bars. The experiment was made about 1891. 
It seems that the freight on the culm was too great to 
make it a success in competition with buckwheat coal at 
its present price, although, as just stated, there seemed to 
be no trouble in burning the coal and producing the steam. 

7. Mixing with Waste from Oil Stills. — In some of the oil 
refineries No. 2 or 3 Buckwheat is used, mixed with the 
refuse or residuum of the works, called " coke," which is ob- 
tained by cleaning the stills after the oil has been run off. 
This material has about the consistency of cold molasses, 
and needs something to granulate it so that it can be han- 
dled readily. The fuel thus prepared is used principally 
under the stills from which the refuse is obtained. These 
fine anthracite coals furnish a most excellent means of 
utilizing this waste product in the refineries, the result be- 
ing a combination of combustibles admirably adapted for 
the purposes for which it is used. The field, of course, is 
limited, depending upon the amount of refuse obtained 
from the stills. It is very important that the coal should 
be sized well so as not to contain any more dust than pos- 
sible, as it then acts better in granulating the liquid which 



37 

is obtained from the stills so that it can be fired con- 
veniently. When placed upon the fire, the refuse burns 
quickl}^, making an intense heat, and when it is burned off 
leaves the coal in a highly ignited condition. 

8. Utilization of Culm for the Manufacture of Artificial Fuel. 
For the last 30 or 40 years a large amount of the culm of the 
semi-bituminous and anthracite coals has been utilized in 
Europe in the form of what is known as compressed fuel. 
The slack, after being mixed with some binding material, 
such as lime, clay, cement, tar, pitch, bitumen, starch, or 
other glutinous material, is compressed into rectangular or 
spherical forms, and then burned as large coal of the same 
size would be. 

Some idea of the variety of the mixtures and kind of 
binding material used, &c., may be obtained by referring to 
list of patents relating to artificial fuels given in Appen- 
dix " C-2." 

These fuels are made of different sizes and shapes, the 
favored size for domestic purposes being that of a hen or 
goose egg. Large quantities of this material are made with 
profit in Europe, and many attempts have been made to 
utilize culm in this way in the United States. The four 
factors upon which success or failure depend are the cost of 
the culm at the factory, the cost of the binding material, 
the cost of the labor, and the price at which it can be sold. 
Where culm can be obtained at a low figure close to mar- 
ket, and where the price of the larger coals is materially 
increased by the cost of transportation from the mines, 
there is good prospect of a profitable business ; but where 
the price of the compressed fuel, after being manufactured, 
is increased by the cost of transportation, success is not so 
probable. 

About the year 1876 the manufacture of compressed fuel 
was begun by the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company 
at Rondout, New York, from 92 per cent, of culm and 8 per 
cent, of pitch. The plant was sold to the Anthracite Fuel 
Company in 1876, after which the making of brick was 
continued several years, but was discontinued in 1880. 



o o 

DO 

This fuel was made by mixing 92 per cent, of culm and 8 
per cent, of gas-coal pitch in a pug mill with superheated 
steam, which was pressed into bricks of 9 inches by 4|- 
inches by from 3 to 6 inches, under a pressure of about 
250 pounds per square inch. It was used on locomotives 
on the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company's Railroad 
and the local railroads. The coal was washed culm from 
loading pockets at Honesdale, discharged into the canal, 
and then elevated out and shipped to Rondout in boats. 

It was found that the small particles of coal dust im- 
pinging on the tube sheet, &c., in the boiler, in consequence 
of the forced draught, would cut out the ends of the boiler 
tubes, and sleeves had to be placed in the ends of the tubes 
to prevent this. 

These bricks would not disintegrate in the fire, and could 
be heated red hot throughout in a blacksmith's fire, then 
plunged into cold water until black and cold, then reheated 
and recooled, &c., without disintegrating. 

The fall in the price of coal about that time and in- 
creased price of the gas-coal pitch, due to the greater value 
of coal-tar for chemical purposes, were probably the control- 
ling causes of the stoppage of this plant. 

In 1890 a plant was erected at Mahanoy Cit}^ Schuylkill 
Count}^ Pa., by the Anthracite Pressed Fuel Company for 
the same purpose, which continued in operation during 
1890, 1891, and 1892. The following facts have been fur- 
nished to the Commission : — 

It was made of pure coal (fine) direct from the colliery rolls, 92 per cent, 
pitch (a residuum from the coking of bitu- 
minous coal imported from England) 8 per cent. 

Cost, culm, delivered $0 30 per ton. 

Cost, pitch 1 00 per ton. 

Cost, labor 50 per ton. 

Total cost of fuel at works §1 80 per ton. 

Tried on locomotive engines and burnt well. Did not 
disintegrate. Made steam as readily as with anthracite 
coal. 



39 

Suspended operations temporarily in 1892 owing to high 
price of English pitch, as that made in America did not suit. 

When the fuel is to be used for manufacturing purposes, 
it is a serious question whether it will not be better to 
spend the money on an apparatus to burn the culm as it is, 
rather than to spend it to put the culm in shape to be burnt 
in an ordinary furnace. The money spent on the culm is 
gone when the culm is burned, while that spent on a fur- 
nace continues to be of value in utilizing the culm as long 
as the apparatus remains in operation. 

The manufacture of compressed fuel for domestic pur- 
poses seems to have been more successful. That most gen- 
erally used is known commercially as eggettes. They are 
manufactured from anthracite screenings or bituminous 
slack, with 3 to 6 per cent, imported bitumen, in plants 
erected by the " FuelPatents Company," of Philadelphia, Pa. 

There are now in operation the following : — 

The plant at Gayton, near Richmond, Va., which manu- 
factures the culm of the Gayton semi-anthracite into 
eggettes. They are sold in the city of Richmond. The 
original capacity of the plant has been doubled. 

The plant at Milwaukee, Wis., which manufactures 
eggettes of the anthracite screenings made in the ship- 
ments of antliracite coal from and to lake ports. 

The plant at Huntingdon, Ark. [D-4, No. 55], (capacity 
200 tons per day), which makes eggettes out of the bitu- 
minous slack from the mines of the Kansas and Texas Coal 
Company. 

A new plant for which machinery has been ordered is in 
course of construction at Chicago, the capacity to be 8 tons 
per hour from hard and soft coal. 

Recently a company has been organized to erect one at 
Denver, Col. 

This method of utilization seems to be most successful in 
cities where the coal can be sold well, and where there is 
no freight to pay to destination. 

An article has appeared [B-i, No. 57], claiming very 
successful results from a similar fuel, made by mixing 



40 

Pennsylvania anthracite culm with a compound the nature 
of which is not given. The method of manufacture is very 
similar to that which was employed at Mahanoy City and 
Rondout. 

9. As Pulverized Fuel. — During the last 36 years a large 
amount of experimenting has been done with a view of 
utilizing culm by burning it as an impalpable powder, very 
much as gas would be burned. The plan adopted is to 
pulverize the coal and blow it into the furnace with the 
jDroper quantity of air. In some cases the powdered coal is 
heated before being blown into the furnace, and sometimes 
the heat is communicated to the coal in the furnace itself. 
[D-4, Xo. 58.] 

The first effort in this direction seems to have been made 
about 1S57 by Mr. John Bourne, of England. Messrs. 
AVhelpley & Storer about 1870 began to experiment upon 
this process. In 1876 Mr. Isherwood, Chief Engineer of 
the United States Xavy, made a number of experiments 
with this process which are described in his report to the 
Government. [D-1, Xo. 11.] 

Mr. Charles E. Emery made a test of the AVhelpley & Storer 
svstem at the Chickerins; Piano Factorv in Boston about 15 
years ago. The operation of the process was satisfactory, 
but the economy was not sufficient to justify changing from 
the old method of burning ordinary coal. From his ex- 
periments it seems that the process was successful techni- 
cally, but that the commercial question would depend 
largely upon the price of the coal. The more expen- 
sive the coal used the more economical would be the pro- 
cess. 

About 1873 Mr. F. R. Crampton described his experi- 
ments in burning powdered fuel. [D-2, Xo. 11 ; D-5, Xo. 2 
and Xo. 5.] 

Mr. Richard X. R. Phelps has also been experimenting 
extensively in the same line, but as yet there is no official 
statement as to the results he has obtained. 

While the data available is not sufficient to justify the 
Commission in expressing a definite opinion as to the value 



41 

of this method of utilizing the dust, yet, from the facts be- 
fore them, they feel justified in hoping that in certain lines 
the utilization of coal in this way may possibly lead to im- 
portant results. There are no plants at present in opera- 
tion in which the powdered fuel is used commercially 
and successfully. A number of rumors reached the Com- 
mission that one or another of the pulverized fuel processes 
were in actual, practical, commercial operation, but none of 
them on being followed up could be verified. It would be 
very satisfactory to find that the fine coal could be em- 
ployed in this way, as it seems probable that before long 
everything but the actual dust will be utilized. One dif- 
ficulty in the way is the cost of reducing the finer culm to 
an impalpable powder. It seems, from all the information 
that has been obtained, that the more finely pulverized 
the coal is, the more certain will be the success of the proc- 
ess. It is easy to get roughly pulverized coal, but to reduce 
it to an impalpable powder is not by any means a simple 
or cheap operation. 

As far as the Commission can gather from the reports 
which they have examined, the fine coal was in all cases ob- 
tained by pulverizing practically pure lumps of coal. The 
dust obtained from the culm bank would contain not only 
an appreciable amount of slate, but also quite a large 
amount of iron pyrites and other impurities which might 
interfere somewhat with the process. 

Messrs. William H. Richardson and J. J. Bordman, of 
New York, have been introducing a process for burning 
coal in a pulverized state under the patents of J. J. Bord- 
man. The tests, as far as the Commission know of them, 
were made with bituminous coal, with results that seem to 
have given satisfaction, but the Commission know of no 
tests made with anthracite culm by this process, although 
the owners of it claim it to be equally applicable to anthra- 
cite. 

10. Use for Making Paint — Recently the black dirt or 
blossom, which is coal that has been weathered on the out- 
crops of the purer veins near the surface, has been mined 



42 

and used for making black paint. Where pure, that is, 
free from earthy matter and completely disintegrated, it is 
very valuable for this purpose. 

In the stud}^ that it has made of the question, the Com- 
mission have been very much impressed with the impor- 
tance of the consumers of coal being made thoroughly 
familiar with the value of the smaller anthracites and the 
proper methods of utilizing them economically. Great 
waste is made in consequence of the want of this knowl- 
edge. They have come into use largely in consequence 
of their cheapness, and enterprising manufacturers and 
steam users have in many cases simply substituted the 
smaller fuel for the larger, using exactly the same kind 
of furnace, and, in many cases, the same kind of grate- 
bar that they did for the larger coals. One of the points 
which may be considered to be established is that neither 
the furnace nor the grate-bar most suitable for large coal 
is by any means the best for the smaller coals, nor is a 
furnace and grate specially adapted to bituminous coal a 
proper one for the small anthracite coals. The furnace 
should be made to suit the fuel, and the grate-bar for 
small coal should be so constructed that sufficient open- 
ings are left for the passage of the air ; while the running 
of the coal through the grate-bars into the ash-pit is as 
far as possible prevented. 

It has also been found that in most cases the smaller 
coals can only be burned with a forced draught. This may 
be accomplished by a suction in the chimney or by the 
air being blown into the ash-pit by a steam jet or b}^ a fan 
or equivalent apparatus. It is thought, judging from the 
latest observations, that a combination of a suction in the 
stack and a blowing of air into the ash-pit will probably 
give the best results ; if the blowing is sufficiently strong to 
force the air simply through the bed of coal, and the suc- 
tion sufficiently powerful to carry the gases with the proper 
velocity under the boilers so that the temperature of the 
escaping gases is the lowest consistent with economy, the 
most satisfactory results will probably be obtained. There 



43 

then will be no forcing of the hot gases out through the 
doors or orifices that may exist in the furnace walls. 

It may also be stated that the finer coals should be 
burned with as thin a bed as possible, consistent with 
steady consumption, and that the fire should not be dis- 
turbed any more than is absolutely necessar}^ The grate 
surface should increase with the fineness of the coal; that 
is, the finer the coal the less pounds of fuel per hour can 
be burned economically on a square foot of grate. The 
temperature of the gases given off by a fire of small coal 
is lower than that of those given off by a fire of larger coal, 
so that for small coal the heating surface of a boiler of a 
given horse-power should be greater. 

A great variety of grate-bars are used. They may be 
divided into three types, i. e. : — 

First. — Those in which the grate is absolutely fixed, of 
which the old-fashioned grate-bar — one alongside of the 
other — and a cast-iron plate with holes in it, are types. 
There are many forms of grate-bars in use of this char- 
acter, the tendency being to make the part exposed to the 
fire in small sections so as to allow for expansion without 
destroying or burning the bar. 

Second. — Those of which the McClave and Howe bars 
are types, and which are movable, but in which the motion 
is only employed for discharging the ash through the 
bars; and, 

Third. — Those of which the Wilkinson, Murphy, Bright- 
man, and Roney are types, and which are movable, the 
motion being used not only for discharging the ash into 
the pit, but more particularly for feeding the fuel forward 
towards a certain point where the ash is discharged. 

A table giving a classified list of the various grates, fur- 
naces, &c., as far as they have come to the attention of the 
Commission, is given in Appendix E. 

Mr. E. B. Coxe, a member of this Commission, has been 
experimenting for some time upon the question of the 
burning of small coals, and should the result justify him 
in so doing he will read before one of the engineering 



44 

societies a paper upon that subject, and another paper upon 
the construction of furnaces to burn small anthracite eco- 
nomically. 

In these two papers certain of the matters that have been 
partially discussed here will be treated more at length, and 
the results of the experiments which are now being made, 
and which are not completed, will be given. 

The Commission would again call attention to the im- 
portance of reducing by careful preparation the percentage 
of slate and refuse in the small coals as low as it can be 
done economically, particularly if the}^ are to be trans- 
ported any distance, as there seems to be strong evidence 
that the percentage of slate and ash in small anthracites is 
the controlling factor in fixing their commercial value, in- 
dicating, as it does practically, the amount of fixed carbon 
contained in them, for there is not a very great difference 
in the amount of moisture and volatile matter contained 
in the various anthracites. 

The more the subject is studied the more evident it be- 
comes that the smaller coals should be analyzed from time 
to time, not only by the producer but by the consumer. It 
is not necessar}^ to make repeated ultimate analyses once 
the general constitution of a coal is known, that is, the rela- 
tive percentages of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, 
and ash, only ash determinations need be made. It may 
be necessary occasionally to do so in order to be sure that 
no change has taken place in the character of the vein or 
veins worked. 

It is thought by some that the fixed carbon is the only 
one of the component parts of the coal which gives in the 
furnace the number of calories which theory would indi- 
cate. The hydrogen and hydro-carbons do not seem to be 
utilized in the production of heat to the same extent as, 
theoretically, they should be [D-5, No. 9, page 100, end of 
first paragraph], so that the fixed carbon has really, if this 
view be true, more importance in determining the heat 
value of a coal than the other combustible material. In 
fact, it is claimed by some that the heat developed by the 



45 

fixed carbon in anthracite is greater than the amount of 
heat that would be developed by the burning of the same 
amount of fixed carbon of charcoal. [D 5, No. 7, page 81, 
bottom of page.] 

The Commission does not in any way indorse these sug- 
gestions, but refers to them only for the purpose of drawing 
attention to the question and ehciting further light on the 
subject which has so great importance in fixing the true 
value of the small anthracites, as they may be considered 
to practically consist of fixed carbon and ash. In this con- 
nection attention would be specially called to chapter V., 
page 60, volume 3, of the Annual Report of the Geological 
Survey of Arkansas of 1888, in which considerable atten- 
tion is given to the question of the burning of coal. 

One of the most important questions which occupied the 
attention of the Commission was the value of the old culm 
and slate banks which have been accumulating for many 
years in the anthracite coal region, as well as the prospective 
value of those which are now being made. The old banks 
may be divided into three classes, viz. : — 

First. — Those banks containing only culm ; that is, coal 
too small to be sold at the time the bank was made. 

Second. — Rock and slate banks, consisting exclusively of 
rock and slate. 

Third. — The ordinary slate banks, consisting oT various 
sizes of slate, coal, bony coal, and slate-coal mixed. 

Unfortunately, in most cases all these substances have 
been dumped together. Where they have not it will be 
much easier to utilize the culm in the culm banks and the 
coal in the slate banks. The rock banks containing no 
coal are useless. 

Not only has the value of the banks been much reduced 
by mixing the slate coal and rock with the small coal, but 
not infrequently ashes, old lumber, manure and other ref- 
use have been dumped with them, thereby still further les- 
sening their prospect of being reworked. Often, either 
from spontaneous combustion, accident, or maliciousness, 
fire has been started in the banks, and thev have either 



46 

been practically consumed or so damaged as to destro}- 
their value. 

In some cases, where the banks have been unfavorably 
situated, a large amount of coal has been lost by weathering 
and washing away. In many cases, where the wet method 
of preparation is used, a large portion, if not practically all, 
of the culm has been washed down the streams and forever 
lost. 

It seems to the Commission that, in view of the future 
value of the banks, precaution should be taken to stock 
separately, as far as possible, all the different kinds of 
refuse, to avoid the mixture of any foreign substance, such 
as ashes, with the culm or slate banks, and to protect, as 
far as possible, the banks from fire and washing away. 
While it is impossible to prevent the decomposition of coal 
by the action of the air, this can be diminished very ma- 
terially by making the banks as high and wdde as possible, 
so as to expose the minimum amount of surface for a given 
quantity of culm to the action of the air. 

In the W3^oming region, in the neighborhood of Ply- 
mouth, and in the Schuylkill region, in the neighborhood 
of Shenandoah City, a large amount of the finer culm 
[which is mixed with water and run into the mines], has 
been and is being utilized for the purpose of filling up the 
already {)artially worked-out mines, either for the purpose 
of allowing a larger proportion of the coal to be worked, or 
for supporting the superincumbent strata. [D-4, No. 28.] 
In Shenandoah City a large portion the town, which was 
threatened with destruction in consequence of the caving 
in of the mines, has been rendered secure by filling up 
the old workings in this way. In many cases it packs so 
solidly that pillars, which would otherwise be lost, can be 
worked out, the roof being largely supported on the culm 
run in. Of course the coal in the culm is lost, and this 
might be saved by using other material of no value, such 
as sand, &c. 

A large amount of the slate, rock, and culm has been 
and is still being used for grading railroads and common 



roads, filling up cave holes, &c., but as the value of the 
culm increases its use for this purpose will probably de- 
crease. 

The coal washed down the streams is not entirely lost. 
In some places where pools or dams occur the coal deposits 
and is dredged out and used or sold. 

At Northumberland, Pa., this is done on a large scale in 
the dam in the Susquehanna River. In winter holes are 
cut in the ice over the places where the coal has deposited 
and it is dredged out by hand, loaded on sleds and hauled 
away. In warmer weather a steam dredge is used for the 
same purpose. 

In order to determine the amount of waste made in a 
breaker provided with the modern appliances for saving 
the small coal a test was made at Drifton, Pa., of the refuse 
sent from the iron breaker [D-2, No. 27], from 4 o'clock 
P. M., September 20th, until 9 o'clock A. M., September 
24th, 1892. 

It was desired to determine the general character of the 
material going to the bank and to see whether it contained 
enough carbon to burn, if dumped, without any further 
preparation, into a cupola-like furnace with forced draught. 
To do so successfully it would probably be necessary to 
remove all dust and No. 3 buckwheat, so as not to choke 
the draught. Hence the column in the accompanying 
table headed " For Burning at Mines." 



48 






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50 

From the first column under " Fuel Value " (commercial) 
it is evident that the larger sizes contain so little carbon 
that it would be advisable to remove everything above stove 
coal, thus diminishing the bulk 30 per cent., Avith a loss of 
only 5 per cent, of carbon, and it is doubtful if much of 
this carbon from these large lumps could be utilized, as only 
their surface would be oxidized. 

After removing, in addition, the No. 3 buckwheat and dust 
(equal to 43 per cent.), there would remain 27.25 per cent, 
of the total bank, having a coal value of 39 per cent. This 
with a forced draught might be burnt. The table shows 
that if the Nos. 2 and 3 buckwheats and the dust, amounting 
to 47 per cent, of the total bank, and having a fuel value of 
75 per cent, of good coal, were burnt, say, with a mechanical 
stoker, there might be a chance of utilizing them in that way. 

The dust from the settling-tanks is 39.46 per cent, of the 
total bank, or (if we allow 4.5 per cent, to come with the 
slate from the jigs) 35 per cent. This could be dumped 
separately and would then give us other percentages. Hence 
the columns headed " Without Dust." 

From the table we find that the refuse consisted of 48.01 
per cent, of coal and 51.99 per cent, of absolute slate ; that 
the material that would not pass through a round hole 3% 
of an inch in diameter contained 18.416 per cent, of coal 
and that which would pass through 29.595 per cent, of coal 
(making the 48.01), if we assume, as the analysis seemed to 
show, that the dust was about 75 per cent, pure coal. The 
18.416 per cent, included not only the pure coal, but the f 
coal, ^ coal, and J coal, reducing them to their equivalent 
value of pure coal, but much of this latter is not at present 
marketable. The actual marketable coal thrown away was — 

Egg 0539 per cent, of bank. 

Stove 0.770 per cent, of bank. 

Chestnut ... 3.155 per cent, of bank. 

Total large sizes 4.464 per cent, of bank. 

Pea 1.178 per cent, of bank. 

Buckwheat 1.200 per cent, of bank. 

No. 2 buckwheat 2.314 per cent, of bank. 

No. 3 buckwheat 2.683 per cent, of bank.* 

Total small sizes 7.375 per cent, of bank. 



51 

Total of all sizes 11.839 of bank, which is 2.48 per 
cent, of breaker output and 2.01 per cent, of everything 
hoisted. (Compare pages 130 to 145 and page 151 of Ap- 
pendix A.) The coal (48.01 per cent.) mixed with the re- 
fuse is 9.88 per cent, of breaker output and 8 per cent, of 
run of mme hoisted, and the actual slate is 11.12 per cent, 
of breaker output and 9 of run of mine hoisted. 

What was actually sent to the bank is 21 per cent, of 
breaker output and 17 per cent, of run of mine. The dust, 
which is 39.46 per cent, of the bank, is 8.28 per cent, of 
breaker output and 6.70 per cent, of run of mines. 

Notes on Test. 

Sampling. — The original sample consisted of 13 cars (37.06 tons), which 
were dumped in a pile from Tuesday, 4 o'clock P. M., till Saturday, 
9 o'clock A. M. (September 20tli to 24th, 1892, inclusive), 1 car being 
taken out of every 15 from the total that was hauled to the slate bank 
during that time. A smaller sample, which amounted to about 15 
tons, was taken (by cutting 3 grooves from bottom to the top and 3 
lengthwise.) This was further reduced to 2J tons, which was sized 
and separated in the laboratory. 

Steamer. — Steamer was the largest size of coal or slate found, and was 
all very flat. 
The f coal from this would make chestnut and all below, if crushed. 
The J coal was slate and coal closely interstratified. About half of 

this would do for crushing to chestnut and all below. 
The j-Q coal not suitable for crushing. 
Tlie pure slate is solid, heavy slate, very flat. 

Broken. — Broken not quite as flat as steamer. 
The f coal suitable for chestnut and all below, if crushed. 
The .J coal suitable for pea and all below, if crushed. 
The i coal not suitable for crushing, but still having this fuel value. 
The f coal not suitable for crushing, but still having this fuel value. 
The pure slate, good, heavy slate, but not so flat as steamboat slate. 

Egg. — Pure coal from egg mostly flat and thin. Bone more or less 
cubical. 
The f coal suitable for chestnut and all below, if crushed. 
The 2 t3oal suitable for pea and all below, if crushed. 
The ] coal not suitable for crushing ; friable and interstratitied. 
The pure slate flat and long. 



52 

Stove. — Pure coal is all first class. 

f coal. Coal approaching wliat is known as iron gray included in this. 

Much of this could go to market. 
I coal contains much real iron gray ; would do for buckwheats. 
\ coal rather flat. Nothing to be gained by crushing. 
Pure slate (90 per cent, slate), very thin and heavy. 

Chestnut. — Pure coal first class. 

I coal. All this would be passed as coal in opinion of Coal Ins{)ector. 
(Three-quarter coal is that which lias a slight layer of slate on it 
or approaches iron gray. All of it fairly cubical.) 

^ coal contains bone, and real iron gray. By crushing it would 
make buckwheat, as it is not flat. 

i coal. Nothing gained by crushing. Mostly very flat. 

Pure slate (90 per cent, slate), flat. 

Pea and Buckwheats. — Separated by zinc chloride solution of 1.70 specific 
gravity, all that floated being considered coal by Coal Inspector. Not 
much bone in slate that sank. 

According to rules for inspection in force at the time of sampling the 
allowable per cent, of slate and bone was : — 

In broken Ih per cent, of slate and bone. 

In egg . 1 per cent, of slate and 2 per cent. bone. 

In stove. . 8J per cent, of slate and bone. 

In chestnut 4j per cent, of slate and bone. 

The Commission desires to call the attention of the peo- 
ple of the Commonwealth to the great importance of the 
enormous quantity of culm, bon}^ coal, and slate coal now on 
the surface in the dirt banks, and which is being rapidly 
increased. At the present time less of the finer coals is 
thrown away, but it is only a few years since practically 
everything below pea coal was considered refuse. 

This coal is a very valuable fuel for several reasons. 
In the first place, it will not, under ordinary circumstances, 
take fire, and therefore can be stocked cheaply. It is a 
smokeless fuel and makes a very clean fire, w^hich is a 
great advantage in many manufacturing industries. It can 
be purchased for a very low price at the mines. It is the 
opinion of the Commission that not only is the culm avail- 
able, but that a very large percentage of the slate banks, 
if roughly sized, could be used with economy and profit for 
making steam ; provided they are burnt where they exist 



53 

and do not liaA^e to bear much expense of transportation. 
The capacity of any fuel to bear transportation decreases 
very rapidly as the percentage of ash increases. 

In many places in Europe coal which is no purer than 
the average of many slate banks is used at or near the col- 
lieries for making steam. With the improvements now 
being made in furnaces, grates, &c., for burning fine coal, it 
is probable that all, except, possibly, the actual dust, will 
eventually be sent to market, and that the local consump- 
tion for steam will be supplied by the inferior or slaty coal 
which is not suitable for shipment. 

The firm of Coxe Bros. & Co. have already begun to in- 
vestigate the subject with a view of erecting a furnace for the 
purpose of determining how high the percentage of ash in 
bony and slate-coal must be in order to prevent its burning 
in large quantities in a properly constructed furnace. Ob- 
servations made upon slate banks which have been on fire 
lead to the conclusion that coal containing much more slate 
and other impurities than is generally supposed to be suf- 
ficient to render it incombustible, will burn under proper 
conditions on a large scale. Little or nothing has been 
done in this field, but the Commission thinks it wise to 
call the attention of those interested to the possibility of 
obtaining valuable commercial results in this direction. 
It is of great importance to the prosperity of the interior of 
the State that the attention of those who are engaged in 
such industries as require either heat or steam at a low 
price be called to the great advantages offered by the an- 
thracite coal regions and their immediate vicinity for such 
enterprises. With the culm, bony coal, slate coal, &c., ob- 
tainable at low prices, with a good climate, healthy sur- 
roundings, good water, and unequaled railroad facilities, 
giving direct communication with the Mississippi River, 
the Great Lakes, and the seaboard, it is doubtful whether 
any part of the countr}^ offers greater advantages for profit- 
able investments of this kind. The inferior coal should not 
be taken to the point of consumption, but the point of con- 
-sumption should be brought to it. 



54 

The great industrial establisliments that liave been built 
up around Scranton by the use of cheap fuel indicate what 
is possible in this line. The coal regions, employing as 
they do- only men and boys, offer great advantages to those 
industries which can employ female labor, of which there 
is a surplus there. 

The Commissioners wish it to be understood that this 
report is and can be onl}^ a preliminary examination 
of the question. They realize fully how far from com- 
plete it is in every branch of the subject that has been 
considered ; but the time and means at their disposal 
prevented it from being otherwise. They hope that it 
will call the attention of the engineering profession, of 
the manufacturer, of the producer, and the consumer of 
coal, and of all those interested in the welfare of the State 
and our great industries, to the lines in which effort should 
be made to utilize that which, noiv called luaste, is really a 
storehouse of energy and a source of wealth. It offers a 
better field to the energetic, active, and enterprising young 
men of the country than many of the gold and silver min- 
ing districts of the world. 

One of the most important and suggestive parts of this 
report is the estimates of coal in the ground, coal mined,, 
coal lost, &C:, contained in Mr. Smith's report (Appendix A)- 
The Commission do not consider it wise to condense what 
he has written, but respectfully urge all those who may 
read this publication to study the figures he has given with 
attention ; they will well repay the labor expended on them. 

In conclusion, the Commission wishes to thank the coal 
mining and railroad companies, the private operators, and 
those engaged in the practical management of the works, for 
the enormous amount of very valuable information which 
has been generously furnished to it. Without the active 
co-operation of these gentlemen it would have been impos- 
sible to have obtained much of the more valuable material 
contained in this report. 

ECKLEY B. COXE, 
HEBER S. THOMPSON, 
WILLIAM GRIFFITH, 

Commissioners. 



APPENDIX A-1. 



By a. D W. Smith, Philadelphia. 



ESTIMATE OF THE ORIGINAL GEOLOGICAL AN- 
THRACITE COAL-FIELD OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

Our knowledge of the extent of the original anthracite 
coal-field and the number and the thickness of its coal- 
beds is quite too insufficient to make any estimate possible 
other than a very broad generalization. 

Professor J. P. Lesley in the third volume of his Final 
Report Pennsylvania Geological Survey will give in full 
the argument for the hypothesis that the carboniferous coal- 
field covered the whole State of Pennsylvania, and many of 
the neighboring States as well. 

Accepting this hypothesis, we are still confronted with 
the question as to w^hat portion of this great coal-field was 
changed into an anthracite coal and how much remained 
bituminous. That the anthracitic condition was pro- 
duced by, or closely connected with, the great uplifting 
and folding of the strata which took place at the close of 
the Carboniferous period is not questioned. 

The disturbed area is well defined, but how much of the 
coal of the beds which covers this area was changed to 
anthracite we do not know ; that it all was not changed 
would seem to be shown by the Broad Top coal-field in 
Huntingdon County, although in the midst of the dis- 
turbed region the coal-beds are semi-bituminous. 

Of the vast anthracite coal-fields originally existing there 
remains preserved from erosion only some 480 square 
miles, separated into difi'erent fields and basins by the un- 
derlying rocks. In many of the basins none but the lowest 
coal-beds have been preserved. 

That the anthracite field extended far to the east is shown 
by the small patches of anthracite in Rhode Island which 

(55) 



oG 

liave beeii preserved from erosion. This would seem to 
fix the Delaware River (the State line) as the eastern limit 
•of the Pennsylvania field. 

The northern limit is approximately fixed by the Ber- 
nice coal basin in Sullivan County, where the coal is an 
•anthracite, while in the Barclay basin, some 15 miles north- 
west, the coal is semi-bituminous. 

The Alleghen}^ Mountains, the eastern limit of the exist- 
ing bituminous field, prohibits a further western extension, 
while the Broad Top field in Huntingdon County would 
seem to limit the extension of the field in a southwesterly 
direction. 

In the large area in the southeastern part of the State, 
■comprised in Northampton, Lehigh, Berks, Lancaster, York, 
Adams, Chester, Montgomery, Bucks, Philadelphia, and Del- 
aware Counties, erosion has carried away every trace of any 
coal-beds that may have existed there, and many thousands 
■of feet of the underlying strata as well. Accepting, however, 
the hypothesis that "the carboniferous coal-fields originally 
covered the wdiole State, and that the anthracite condition 
was caused by or was attendant upon the uplifting and 
folding of the coal-beds and surrounding strata," as South- 
eastern Pennsylvania was the scene of greatest disturbance, 
it would seem reasonable to suppose that any bituminous 
coal-beds deposited here, were changed to anthracite, or, 
■owing to the great pressure and disturbance, possibly to a 
graphite. 

AVe would have then in the south and southeast the 
boundaries of the State as the extreme limit of the original 
Pennsylvania anthracite fields. 

As to the number and the thickness of the coal-beds con- 
tained in the original geological coal-field, our only definite 
knowledge is to be gained by a study of the beds still 
remaining. 

The accompanying sheet of columnar sections illustrates 
the number and thickness of the existing beds throughout 
the field. 

Probably the highest workable coal-bed is the Brewery 



LES 



Oftl^ 



TIELr> 



■ON 

icfn."r';) 

■iLyPHANT HP I BED 

OUYPHANT 

-. — ...„ ^.,„,I Cross Secfcian"H'.'^ 



i^ 



rfOUTilliRK COAL .FTELX> 



(Croag Section N9 2' 







ANTHRACITE COAL iVLEASURES 

RELATIONSHIP OF THE COAl, BEDS 



lo^ccomppny an"EsfLTnQte oftI)c Orl;§inol- contiOft oFtlJe 
fenii»yi%-siii3 Jlnli)i-acH« •Fti!U3"by ATOV.Sn)U6. 



il OH THZ RN COAL T. If.LD 



TS^STERN^ MJDDT-J: COAL TIELT) 



(Cross SecHunB"*) 



(Cross SecHoixB? to.) 



(Ci-oss Socttoil NVe 



(Crons SecttuiiT:) 



Croso3BctU.n"DV 



„«iCross SecHoa"R';) 



(Ci-090 SooUun ' 



I 



bed found in the Southern coal-field some 1900 feet above- 
the Mammoth bed. 

The number of coal-beds and the thickness of each tliat 
perhaps once existed above the Brewery bed we do not 
know. 

A columnar section in the neighborhood of Pottsville 
would show some 20 w^orkable coal-beds between (and in- 
cluding) the Brewery and Buck Mountain beds, with an es- 
timated total average thickness of 108 feet, some 72 per 
cent, or 78 feet of which is estimated to be workable coal. 

At Tamaqua a fewer number of beds show 109 feet or 78' 
feet of coal. 

At Shamokin the section from the Tracy bed (the sixth 
below the Brewery) down shows 70 feet, 77 per cent, or 54 
feet of coal. 

At Shenandoah from the Little Tracy down the section 
shows 113 feet or 87 feet of coal. 

In the Eastern Middle field all but one or two of the 
beds above the Mammoth have been carried away by 
erosion. 

In the Northern field probably the highest existing work- 
able bed is the New bed, only some 600 feet above the Ben- 
nett or Mammoth. 

At Wilkes-Barre the section shows some 11 workable 
beds with a thickness of 85 feet, 81.8 per cent, or 69 feet 
estimated as workable coal. 

A consideration of these columnar sections would indicate 
that the original coal-field had in the neighborhood of the 
existing fields an average thickness of probably not less 
than 75 feet of coal in workable beds. If we estimate 1900 
tons per foot acre, 1 acre 75 feet thick would contain 152,- 
500 tons, say 150,000 tons, and 1 square mile 640 times this, 
or 96,000,000 tons. 

In order that we may have some general idea of the rela- 
tion between the existing and the original anthracite field, 
the following propositions might be assumed : — 

First. — That lines drawn, inclosing all the existing field, 
would include the original field. 



There is probably no reason to suppose but that the origi- 
nal field was of much greater extent. These boundaries 
are, however, used as the smallest possible area for the field. 

A line drawn from the northeast end of the Northern 
field to Bernice, to Dauphin, to Mauch Chunk, to point of 
beginning (Fig. A, B, C, T), see map, page 56), the result- 
ing polygon would inclose all the existing Pennsylvania 
anthracite fields, and have an area of about 3300 square 
miles, and a contents, estimating 96,000,000 tons per square 
mile, of 306,600,000,000 tons. If we assume this to have 
been the contents of the original field, the contents of the 
existing field, 19,500,000,000 tons, is about 6 per cent, of 
this. 

Second. — That the original field is included between two 
parallel lines having the same general direction as the 
trend of the measures, the northern line just including the 
Bernice basin and the southern line along the Blue Ridge, 
extending from the State line at the Delaware, and bounded 
on the west by a line drawn at right angles about half way 
between Dauphin and the Broad Top coal-field (Fig. E, F, 
G, H), the area inclosed would contain roughly some 9000 
square miles, and ^vould have had a contents, estimating 
96,000,000 tons per square mile, of 846,000,000,000 tons, of 
which the now existing fields contain about 2 per cent. 

Third. — That the original anthracite field covered all of 
Southeastern Pennsylvania, and is inclosed within the area 
included within the State boundaries on the east and south, 
with the same north boundary as in the second proposition, 
and on the west by a north and south line, passing to the 
east of the Broad Top field (Fig. E, F, I, J, K, H). . Roughly 
estimated, this area would contain about 17,000 square miles ; 
estimating 96,000,000 tons per square mile, the contents 
would be 1,632,000,000,000 tons, of which the now exist- 
ing field contains a little more than 1 per cent. 

Results. 

The preceding estimates would show that the existing 
Pennsylvania anthracite fields, before mining commenced, 



50 

contained not more than 6 per cent., probably about 2 per 
cent., and possibly only 1 per cent, of the coal deposited 
in workable beds in the original geological coal-field before 
-erosion. 

ESTIMATE OF EXISTING ANTHRACITE COAL- 
FIELD BEFORE COAL MINING BEGAN. 

The anthracite coal-fields of Pennsylvania are found 
within some 3300 square miles, about 484 square miles 
of which contain workable coal-beds. The field is com- 
prised in a number of separate basins, and has been 
•divided geographically into Northern, Eastern Middle, 
Western Middle, and Southern fields. 

The recently completed mine sheets of the Geological 
Survey map (on a scale of 800 feet to 1 inch) the whole area 
covered by workable coal-beds, showing the mine workings 
in each bed, the outcrop of the principal beds, and the limit 
of the workable beds, as well as the surface features and ele- 
vations; in connection with these sheets there are published 
a series of cross-sections, across each basin or field, showing 
the actual or probable position of each coal-bed under- 
ground on the vertical plane cut by the cross-section ; also, 
41 series of columnar sections, showing the thickness of the 
coal-beds and intervening strata at right angles to the dip 
as cut in the shafts, tunnels, rock slopes, and bore-holes 
throughout the field. 

The estimate of contents is based upon these mine, cross- 
section, and columnar section sheets published by the Geo- 
logical Survey ; upon the reports of the first Geological 
Survey, published in 1858 ; upon some 2500 bed sections 
obtained in part from, the note-books of the Geological Sur- 
vey, and in part from the officers of the operating com- 
panies ; and general information from various sources. 

In the estimate only the coal in workable beds is consid- 
•ered. In the Northern field, where the measures are com- 
paratively flat, 2.5 feet of coal is taken as the minimum, 
^while in the other fields, where the beds are usually found 
'dipping at high angles, 2 feet is used. 



GO 

111 all four of the coal-fields, but more especially in the 
Western Middle and Southern, there are, in addition to the 
beds which have been named and identified from place to 
place, other coal-beds, usually called "leaders," which fre- 
quently, and some of the persistent ones usually, exceed the 
requirements of workable thickness and quality ; as some of 
these leaders are workable, I have to a small extent con- 
sidered them in making up the average thickness of the 
adjacent beds. 

The Method. 

Some three methods have been used. The principal one 
employed, and by which the bulk of the estimate has been 
made, is as follows : — 

First. — (a.) The coal-fields have been divided into a num- 
ber of small areas, the cross-section lines usually being the- 
dividing lines and determining the number and size of 
these areas. 

(6.) The area in acres underlaid by the lowest workable 
bed as defined on the published sheets has been carefully 
determined, as follows : The mine sheets are blocked in 
2000' squares, the number of squares wholly underlaid by 
the lowest workable bed w^ere counted and the acres com- 
puted ; then the irregular area which was left, was measured 
by the planimeter and acreage computed, the sum being the 
total acreage for area. The correctness of the computation 
was checked by repeating the measurements, the mean of 
the results being taken as the correct one ; and later b}^ a 
comparison of the totals for each field with the measure- 
ment of the field made on a reduced map, scale 1 mile to 1 
inch. 

(c.) The ratio of the per cent, of coal to that of refuse in 
the beds in each field is obtained by taking all the bed sec- 
tions that have been collected from any one field, and first 
determining the per cent, of coal in each bed section, elim- 
inating all refuse, including bony coal, then taking the 
average of all the sections, the result obtained is used as- 
the factor for that field. 



61 

{d.) The published cross-sections were next considered, 
and the probable average thickness of the coal on each sec- 
tion, were it all contained in one horizontal bed, having 
the length of the surface underlaid by the lowest workable 
bed (as shown on section), was determined ; the details of 
how these average thicknesses were obtained is best de- 
scribed with the first cross-section considered. See page 62. 

{e.) The contents of the areas is now obtained by multi- 
plying the mean of the average thickness of coal on the 
bounding sections by the number of acres in the area, by 
the number of tons in one acre of coal one foot thick, de- 
scribed in detail table A, page 75. 

Second. — In the Eastern Middle field, which comprises a 
number of small unconnected basins, it seemed best to cal- 
culate the area and estimate the contents of each bed sepa- 
rately ; this was made easy here by the publication on the 
mine sheets of the outcrops of nearly all the workable 
beds. This method was also used in the areas between the 
several ends of fields and the nearest cross-section. 

Third. — The estimate of the contents of the Panther 
Creek basin. Southern coal-field mine sheets I., II., and 
III., is copied from the estimate made under the direction 
of the late Charles A. Ashburner, by a method devised by 
him and described in full in Report AA, chapter V. 

The surface and bed areas for Western Middle sheets I., 
II., III., and IV., were also computed under Mr. Ashbur- 
ner's direction. Professor Lesley has kindly allowed me to 
make use of these computations for this estimate. 

Specific Gravity. 

The number of tons in an acre of coal one foot thick is 
determined by the weight of a cubic foot of coal ; this va- 
ries in different benches of the same bed, in different parts 
of a field, and in different fields. To speak with certainty 
as to the probable average weight of a cubic foot of coal 
from any one or all of the fields would require a number 
of determinations in quantity of the coal from the differ- 
ent beds and from many parts of the field. 



62 

In this estimate I have usual l^^^taken, as the best author- 
ity available, the laboratory cleterminings of Mr. A. S. 
McCreath, the chemist of the Geological Survey. It should 
be noted that the results thus obtained are higher than 
those in general use, giving a larger yield per acre, and 
consequently a greater estimate of contents for the fields. 

The specific gravity which has been used is noted with 
the estimate of each field. 

ESTIMATE OF THE ORIGINAL CONTENTS NORTH- 
ERN COAL-FIELD, INCLUDING THE BERNICE 
COAL BASIN. 

The coal of the Northern field is found in one great basin 
55 miles long and from 2 to 6 miles wide, with perhaps a 
dozen more little patches of coal lying close to but not now 
connected with the main basin. The dips are usually very 
gentle, though occasionally reaching 40 or 50 degrees in the 
southwestern end of the field. 

The estimate of contents has been made from the cross- 
sections {First Method), but in the areas between either end 
of the basin and the nearest section the contents of each 
bed was estimated separately. 

The following discussion of the first cross-section used, 
No. K, will apply to all that follow. See page 63. 

Column a gives the name of each workable bed found on 
the section. 

Column b gives the probable average thickness of the 
bed ; this average is supposed to apply to the area inclosed 
within lines drawn half-way between the adjoining section 
on either side, and is assigned, after a careful consideration 
of the bed sections and bed thicknesses shown by shaft, 
tunnel, and bore-hole sections within this territory, in con- 
nection with the geological structure. 

Column c gives the probable average thickness of coal in 
each bed and is obtained in the Northern field by taking 
81.8 per cent, of the thickness assigned to the bed. 

Eight hundred and ninety-one bed sections well distrib- 
uted throughout this field, eliminating all refuse, including 



63 



bony coal in the refuse, give as an average 81.8 per cent, 
coal, 18.2 per cent, refuse. 

Column d gives the total length of each bed, measured 
on the section ; where the dips are gentle this length is but 
little greater than the length of surface underlaid by the 
bed, but where the dips are steep the difference is very de- 
cided, and is an important consideration in the estimate. 

Column dc gives the length of each bed if lengthened 
out into a bed with the coal but one foot thick, and is ob- 
tained by multiplying column d by column c. 

The sum of column dc divided by the surface length un- 
derlaid by the lowest workable coal-bed, measured on sec- 
tion, gives the probable thickness of the coal, imagining it 
to be all in one horizontal bed with a length equal to the 
surface length of the lowest workable bed. 

Reference : — • 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
N. C. F., mine sheet 23. 
N. C. F., cross-section sheets 8 and 9. 
N. C. F., columnar section sheets 16. 

Cross-Section No. K. 



a. 
Name of Bed. 



Average Aver, thick- 
thickness ness of coal, 
of bed. 81.8 per cent. 



Length 
of bed. 



! dc. 

Length of bed. 
Coal 1 foot 
thick. 



Shaft . 
Clifford 



Feet. 

6.5 

4.8 



Feet. 
5.32 
3.92 



Feet. 
4,700 

10,450 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 
Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed . 
Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . - . 



Feet. 
25,004 
40,964 



65,968 

10,340 

6.38 



Remarks. 
On the south side of the basin there is a bed between the 
Shaft and CliflPord beds from 2 to 6 feet thick; this is not 
included in the estimate, as it is counterbalanced (more or 
less) by the fact that on the north side of the basin there is 
an area of somewhat uncertain extent where no coal below 
the Shaft bed is found of workable thickness. 



64 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
N. C. F., mine sheets 21 and 22. 
N. C. F., cross-section sheets 8 and 9. 
N. C. F., columnar section sheets 15 and 16. 
Cross-Section No. J. 



Average 
Name of Bed. thickness 
! of bed. 

1 


Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
81.8 per cent. 


Length 
of bed. 


Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 


Feet. 

"Top" coal 7.3 

Shaft or " Bottom " coal . 6.2 

Third 3.8 

Diinmore . 3.5 


Feet. 
6.0 
5.1 
3.1 
2.9 


Feet. 
5,640 
6,300 
3,350 
4,600 


Feet. 
33,840 
32,130 
10,385 
13,340 


Total coal reduced to units of one foot 
Surface underlaid by lowest workable 
Average thickness of coal per foot of s 


in thickness .... 
bed 


89,695 

8,180 
10.96 


urface 







Remarks. 

The Third coal-bed, which is shown on the section as a 
split of the " Bottom " coal, and the Dunmore bed have not 
been found at their northern outcrop, and I have estimated 
these beds as workable for about one-half of their natural 
length on line of section. 

The "Top" and "Bottom" coal-beds are extensively 
worked in this vicinity. 

Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
N. C. F., mine sheets 19 and 20. 
N. C. F., cross-section sheets 8 and 9. 
]Sr. C. F., columnar section sheet 15. 
Cross- Section No. I. 



Average Aver, thick- lono-fv. 

Name of Bed. thickness ness of coal, ^fy^^^ 

of bed. 81.8 per cent. ^^ °*'^- 


Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 


Feet. Feet. Feet. 

Grassy Island 9.0 7.36 2,140 

New County 3.0 2.45 6,040 

Archbald 9.5 1 7.77 11,580 

Dunmore beds 2.8 ' 2.28 4,860 

Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 

Surface underlaid by lowest workable bed 

Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 


Feet. 
15,750 
14.798 
89',977 
11,129 

331,654 

14,130 

9.32 



65 



Remarks. 

The Dunmore beds are not worked in vicinity of this 
section, but have been shafted in one or two places on the 
north dip. I have estimated that there is a workable bed 
for about one-third of the sectional length. 

Grassy Island bed worked at Glenwood shaft. 

New County bed not worked. 

Archbald principal bed of district and extensively 
worked; same bed as the "Top" and "Bottom" coal of 
Carbondale district. 

Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
N. C. F., mine sheets 17 and 18. 
N. C. F., cross-section sheets 6, 7, and 8. 
N. C. F., columnar section sheet 14. 

Cross-Section No. H. 



Name of Bed. 



Average 

thickness 

of bed. 



Small coal . . . 
Diamond . . . 

Rock 

Grassy Island . 
New County . 
Clark . . . . 
Dun more No. 1 
Dunmore No. 2 
Dunmore No. 3 



Feet. 
3.0 
3.8 
5.6 
8.8 
4.0 
7.3 
4.0 
2.2 
2.5 



Aver, thick- | 
ness of coal, 
81.8 per cent. 



Length 
of bed. 



Feet. 
2.45 
3.11 
4.58 
7.20 
3.27 
5.97 
3.27 
1.80 
2.05 



Feet. 
3,050 
5,050 
10,260 
11,600 
13,470 
14,740 
17,130 
19,170 
20,720 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 
Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed . 
Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . . 



Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Feet. 

7,472 
15,705 
46,990 
83,520 
44,047 
87,998 
56,015 
34,506 
42,476 



418,729 

20,300 

20.65 



Remarks. 

All the beds shown by this section have been worked at 
one or more places in the vicinity, excepting the " small 
coal " and the Rock bed, the thicknesses assigned to these 
were determined by the shaft and bore-hole records. 

The Grassy Island bed is the one now most extensively 
worked. 



66 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

X. C. F., mine sheets 15 and 16. 

X. C. F., cross-section sheets 6, 7, and 8. 

X. C. F., columnar section sheets 9, 10, 11, and 12. 

Cross-Section Xo. G. 



Averaiif Aver, thick- r^^no-th Length of bed. 

Name of Bed. thickness nessofcoal, 17?°^ ^-'oal 1 foot 

of bed. ^l.S per cent. ^^ "^"^- thick. 

Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. 

BrisbinorOlvphantNo.], 8.0 6.54 3,300 21.582 

Eichmond or Olyphant | _ - ^^^ ^^^^ ,0,610 

iSo. 2 I - ' 

Coal bed " Church Slope," 3.9 3.20 6.600 21,120 

Diamond bed 9.7 7.93 12,420 98.490 

Rock bed 6.1 5.00 9,340 46,700 

Big bed 11.5 9.40 15,200 142,880 

Clark bed 6.5 5.32 18,700 99,484 

Danmore Xo. 1 3.5 2.86 21.340 61,032 

Dun more Xo. 2 4.0 3.27 22.730 74,327 

Diinmore Xo. 3 3.0 2.45 24,630 60,343 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness .... 646,568 
Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed . . . . 24,250 
Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 26.66 



Eemaeks. 

All the beds shown by this section have been worked to 
a greater or less degree in the neighborhood. 

The Dunmore, Big, and Clark are the principal beds and 
have been worked most extensively. 

The Dunmore beds are here at their best, and are mined 
to a laro^e extent in the neio'hborhood of Dunmore. 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

X. C. F., mine sheets 13 and 14. 

X. C. F., cross-section sheets 6, 7, and 8. 

X. C. F., columnar section sheets 10, 11, and 12. 



67 
Cross-Section No. F. 



Name of Bed. 



Average 

thickness 

of bed. 



OlvphantNo.2 . . . . 
"Church Slope" . . . 

Diamond 

Rock 

Big 

New County 

Clark 

*Dnnmore No. 1 (No. 4) 
Dunmore No. 2 (No. 5) 



Feet. 
5.3 
4.0 
9.2 
7.0 

12.5 
8.5 
8.5 
3.2 
4.4 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
81.8 per cent. 

Feet. 
4.34 
3.27 
7.53 
5.73 
10.23 
6.95 
6.95 
2.62 
3.60 



Length 
of bed. 



Feet. 

3,900 

6,350 
10,400 
11,100 
12,050 
12,300 
14,500 

4,410 
19,200 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 
Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed . 
Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . . 



Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Feet. 

16,926 

20,765 

78,312 

63,603 

123,272 
85,485 

100,775 
11,554 
69,120 

569,812 
19,100 

29.83 



*It is doubtful if Dunmore No. 1 (No. 4 bed) is workable for more than a portion of 
its extent (say one-fourth), and I have estimated accordingly. 

Remarks. 
All of the beds are worked and several of them exten- 
sively ; the Dunmore beds are especially well developed on 
south side of the basin, but have not })een worked on the 
north. 

Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

N. C. F., mine sheets 11 and 12. 

N. C. F., cross-section sheets 6, 7, and 8. 

N. C. F., columnar section sheets 7, 8, 9, and 10. 

Cross-Section No. E. 



Name of Bed. 



Marcy (New County) 

Clark '. 

Eed Ash 



Average 

thickness 

of bed. 



Feet. 
7.5 
6.0 

11.5 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
81.8 per cent. 



Feet. 
6.14 
4.90 
9.40 



Length 
of bed. 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 
Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed 
Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . 



Feet. 

8,000 
12;350 
17,200 



Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Feet. 

49,120 

60,515 

161,680 

271,315 

17,050 

15.91 



Remarks. 
All these beds are worked, but the Clark less than the 
others. The Red Ash bed is regarded as the equivalent of 
the Dunmore beds. 



68 



Reference : — 

Geological Surve}^ of Pennsylvania. 

N. C. F., mine sheets 9 and 10. 

N. C. F., cross-section sheets 6, 7, and 8. 

N. C. F., columnar section sheets 6, 7, and 8. 

Cross-Section No. D. 



Name of Bed 


Average Aver, thick- tptio^Ii 

thickness ness of coal, ^^TS^ 

of bed. 81.8 per cent. oi oea. 


Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 


Feet. Feet. Feet. 
SevenFoot or Checker . . 6.5 5.32 12,530 

Pittston 10.6 8.67 16,000 

Marcv 7.8 6.38 18,400 

Fourth 4.8 3.93 8,000 

EedAsh 10.5 8.59 24,240 

Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness . . . . 

Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed 

Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 


Feet. 

66,660 
138,720 
117,392 

31,440 
208,222 

562,434 

23,680 

23.75 



Remarks. 

All the beds are worked except the Fourth bed. I have 
estimated about one-half of its extent to be workable. 

The Pittston bed, regarded as the equivalent of the Bal- 
timore bed, is the principal bed of the district, and has been 
very extensively mined. 

The buried river valley, with a depth of 50 to 200 feet of 
wash^ has cut out several of the upper coal-beds. Mining 
beneath it is very hazardous. 



References : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

N. C. F., mine sheets 7 and 8. 

N. C. F., cross- section sheets '2a, 2b, and 2c. 

N. C. F., columnar section sheets 1, 3, 4, and 5. 



69 



Cross-Section No. C. 



Name of Bed. 



New . . . . 
Snake Island 

Abbott . . . 

Bowkley . . 
Hillman 

Lance . . . 

Cooper . . . 

Bennett . . . 

Checker . . 

Ross . . . . 

Red Ash . . 




Feet. 

3.7 

7.4 

5.3 

6.4 

10.0 

5.8 

8.9 

8.5 

5j0 

10.0 

14.0 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
81.8 per ceut. 



Feet. 
3.03 
6.05 
4.34 
5.24 
8.18 
4.74 
7.28 
6.95 
4.09 
8.18 

11.45 



Length 
of bed. 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 
Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed • 
Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . . 



Feet. 

810 

1,630 

2,740 

4,200 

11,390 

11,750 

20,120 

22,170 

16,200 

29,480 

30,850 



Length of bed, 
i Coal 1 foot 
I thick. 



Feet. 

2,454 

9,862 

11,892 

22,008 

93,170 

55,695 

146,474 

154,082 

66,258 

241,146 

353,233 



1,156,274 

30,400 

38.03 



Remarks. 

The Checker bed is the only one which has not been 
worked, and I have regarded it as workable for only a part 
of its probable extent. 

The Ross and Red Ash beds are in some places found in 
tw^o splits, and in some instances the splits are worked sep- 
arately. 

The Cooper and Bennett beds when found together are 
called the Baltimore bed. This is the principal bed of the 
region. 

The buried river valley, with a depth of 50 to 200 feet of 
wash, has cut out several of the upper coals. Mining 
beneath it is very hazardous. 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

N. C. F., mine sheets 5 and 6. 

N. C. F., cross-section sheets 2a, 26, and 2c'. 

N. C. F., columnar section sheets 1 to 5. 



70 



Cross-Section No. B. 



Name of Bed. 



New or Anble ..... 

Snake Island 

Seven Foot, Hutchison . 
Kidney, Bowkley, Lance 

Hillinan 

Lodgement 

Five Foot, Old Bennett . 
Lance, Five Foot . . . 
Cooper ........ 

Bennett 

Checker .... 

Ross 

Red Ash 



Average 

thickness 

of bed. 



Feet. 
3.7 
5.0 
5.5 
5.3 
9.2 
4.0 
6.5 
6.0 
8.0 
9.5 
4.5 
9.0 

18.0 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
81.8 per cent. 



Feet. 
3.00 
4.09 
4.50 
4.34 
7.53 
3.27 
5.32 
4.91 
6.54 
7.77 
3.68 
7.36 
14.72 



Length 
of bed. 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 
Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed . 
Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . . 



Feet. 

6,090 

6,200 
10,000 
16,290 
17,865 

5,000 
18,770 

9,210 
21,200 
22,800 
10,000 
24,300 
25,700 



jLengthofbed. 
' Coal 1 foot 
thick. 



Feet. 
18,270 

25,358 

45,000 

70,699 

134,523 

16,350 

99,856 

45,221 

138,648 

177,156 

36,800 

178,848 

378,304 



1,365,033 

24,550 

55.60 



Remarks. 

The Seven Foot, Snake Island, and New or Auble beds 
are not worked, but are cut by South Wilkesbarre shaft. 

The Cooper and Bennett beds are together on the south 
side of the basin in vicinity of Wilkesbarre, and form the 
Baltimore bed. 

The Red Ash bed is frequently in two splits, which are 
sometimes worked separatel}^ 

The buried river valley, with a depth of 50 to 200 feet of 
wash, has cut out several of the upper coals. Mining 
beneath it is very hazardous. 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

K C. F., mine sheets 3 and 4. 

N. C. F., cross-section sheets 2a, 2b, and 2c. 

N. C. F., columnar section sheets 1 to 5. 



71 



Cross-Section No. A. 



Name of Bed. 



George 

Mills 

HiJlman Slope 

Lance or Eour Foot . . . 

Cooper 

Bennett ........ 

Twin 

Ross 

Buck Mountain (Red Ash), 



Average 

thickness 

of bed. 



Fert. 
4.6 
7.0 
7.0 
4.0 
6.5 
7.8 
5.0 
8.0 

10.0 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
81.8 per cent. 



Length 
of bed. 



Feet. 
3.76 
5.73 
5.73 
3.27 
5.32 
6.38 
4.09 
6.55 
8.18 



Feet. 

4,090 

4,920 

6,610 

6,650 

9,050 

9,910 

12,410 

14,500 

16,000 



Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Feet. 
15,378 
28,192 
37,875 
21,745 
48,146 
63,226 
50,757 
94.975 
130,880 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 
Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed 
Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . 



491,174 

14,900 

32.97 



Remarks. 

The Mills, Hillman, Bennett, and Buck Mountain are the 
principal beds. 

What is here called the Buck Mountain is probably iden- 
tical with the upper split of the Red Ash. 

Beference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

N. C. F., mine sheet 2. 

N. C. F., cross-section sheet 1. 

N. C. F., columnar section sheet 5. 

Cross-Section No. 4. 



Name of Bed. 



Mills 

Hillman . . . 

Cooper 

Bennett or Forge 

Twin 

Rosa 

Buck Mountain . 



Average 

thickness 

of bed. 



Feet. 
6.6 
8.5 
6.0 
6.5 
4.0 

12.0 
7.5 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
81.8 per cent. 



Feet. 
5.40 
6.95 
4.90 
5.32 
3.27 
9.82 
6.14 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 
Surface length underlaid by lowest workahle bed 
Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . . 



Length 
of bed. 



Feet. 

600 

2,550 

4,420 

5,540 

7,140 

10,350 

10,200 



Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Feer. 
3,240 
17,723 
21,658 
29,473 
23,348 
101,637 
62,628 

259,707 
8.900 
29.18 



Remarks. 
The Buck Mountain, Ross, Forge, and Cooper beds are 
worked. The Ross is the principal bed. 



72 



Reference: — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

N. C. F., mine sheet 2. 

N. C. F., cross-section sheet 1. 

N. C. F., columnar section sheet 5. 

Cross-Section No. 3. 



Name of Bed. 


Average ! Aver, thick- Tpna+ii 

thickness nessofcoal ifhS 

of bed. 81.8 per cent. °^ '^^''• 


Length of bed 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 


Feet. } Feet. ! Feet. 
Forge or Bennett .... 1 5.0 4.09 2,610 

Church 1 6.0 4.91 3,170 

Ross 6 5 5.32 4,500 

Buck Mountain i 9.5 7.77 7,150 

Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 

Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed 

Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 


Feet. 

10,675 

15,565 

23,940 

55,556 

105,736 
6.490 
16.29 



Remarks. 

The Buck Mountain (Red Ash) is the principal bed in 
thickness as well as extent, and is quite extensively worked 
from Dupont drift, and also mined at the Hasselman drift. 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
K C. F., mine sheets 23 and 24. 

Area No. 1. 
From Northeast End of Coal-Field to Cross-Section No. K. 



Nauae of Bed. 


Average 

thickness 

of bed. 


Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
81.8 per cent. 


Surface and 

bed area in 

acres. 


Probable orig- 
inal contents 
in tons. 


Shaft 

Clifford 


Feet. 
6.71 
4.90 


Feet. 

5.5 

4.0 

1 . . . . 


140.7 
1071.4 


1,454,838 
8,056,928 

9,511,766 


Probable original contents 


of area No. 



Remarks. 
The basin is quite flat here, and I have regarded the bed 



area to be the same as the surface area. 



73 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
N. C. F., mine sheets 1 and 2. 

Area No. 14. 
From Cross-Section No. 3 to Southivest End of Coal-Field. 



Name of Bed. 



Average 

thickness 

of bed. 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
81.8 per cenr, 



Church 
Eoss . . 
Eed Ash 



Feet. 
5.0 
6.5 



Feet. 
4.09 
5.32 
7.12 



Surface area 
iu acres. 



175.00 
560.00 
937.64 



Bed area in 
acres. 



190.00 

600.00 

1012.65 



Probable oridnal contents of area No. 14 



Probable orig- 
inal contents 
in tons. 



1,460,948 

6,000,960 

13,554,928 



21,016,836 



Reference : — 

Pennsylvania Geological Survey. Annual Report 
1885, chapter XL, and Map in Atlas to Report. 

Area No. 15. 
Bernice Coal Basin, Sullivan County, Pa. 

The shipments from this basin have, since 1884, been 
included in the Northern coal-field or Wyoming region 
tonnage, and for that reason the estimate of the original 
contents of this area is included with the Northern field. 

Two coal-beds are found in this basin. The upper bed 
" B " is mined. " Bed ' A' gives no promise of a workable 
bed." • 

The area underlaid by bed B, as shown approximately on 
the map of the basin contained in Atlas to Annual Report, 
1885, is 1950 acres ; the dips are gentle, and bed and sur- 
face areas may be regarded as the same. The sections of 
bed B, published in the Annual Report, 1885, would show 
the coal to vary between 8 and 9 feet in thickness. Taking 
8.5 feet as the average for the basin would give 31,161,000 
tons as the probable original contents. 

Probable original contents of area No. 15 . . . 31,101,000 



74 

Table A which follows shows the estimate of contents for 
the whole field. The following explanation of the table is 
now in place : — 

Explanation of Table A. 

The field has been divided by the cross-section lines into 
14 separate divisions and numbered 1 to 14 from northeast 
to southwest. (See map.) 

Column Xo. 1 gives the number assigned to each area. 

An area is always understood to mean the area of the 
low^est workable coal-bed between the cross-sections bound- 
ing it. 

Column No. 2 gives the letter or number of the cross- 
sections bounding the areas. 

Column No. 3 gives the probable average thickness of 
the coal at each cross-section, imagining the coal to be all 
contained in one bed having the extent of the lowest work- 
able bed. The method and data for arriving at these aver- 
ages are given in detail in the preceding pages. 

Column No. 4 gives the mean of the probable average 
thickness of coal at the cross-sections bounding each area, 
and is taken as the probable average thickness of coal 
within the included area. 

Column No. 5 gives the number of acres of the lowest 
workable coal-bed in each area, measured on the published 
mine sheets 800^ to V^ of the Pennsylvania Geological Sur- 
vey. 

Column No. 6 gives the estimated contents of each area 
in long tons, and is got by multiplying column No. 4 by 
column No. 5 by 1880, w^hich is taken as the number of 
tons per acre per foot in thickness of coal in this field. 

Several determinations b}^ McCreath, Pennsylvania Geo- 
logical Report, 1885, page 314, would show the average 
specific gravity of the Baltimore bed in the vicinity of 
Wilkes-Barre to be 1.578. This is, perhaps, too high an 
average for all the beds of the entire field, so, lacking more 
definite information, I have used 1.55 or 96.6 pounds to the 



75 



cubic foot, or 1880 tons per acre per foot thickness of coal in 
the following estimate : — 

Table A. 

Estimate of Total Original Contents Northern Coal-Field. 



1. 




•2. 


3. 




4. 


5. 


6. 




Between 


Probable aver- 
age thickness of 
coal at cross- 
sections. 


Probable aver- 


Surface area 


Probable origi- 


Area No. 


cross-sec- 
j tions. 

1 


age thickness of lowest workable 
coal for areas. bed in acres. 

1 


nal contents in 
tons. 


1 




Feet. 




Feet. 






^1. . . 


1 


K 








1,071.4 


9,511,766 


2 








K 
J 


6.38 

10.96 


i 


8.67 


5,927.8 


96,620,768 


3 








J 

I 


10.96 
9.32 


} 


10.14 


5,822.0 


110,985,950 


4 








I 
H 


9.32 
20.65 


r 


14.98 


10,845.5 


305,537,256 


5 






J 


H 

G 


20.65 
26.66 


I 


23.65 


10,180.8 


452,658,729 


6 








G 
F 


26.66 
29.83 


1 


28.25 


9,892.1 


525,369,431 


7 






1 ) 

1 J 

11 


F 
E 


29.83 
15.91 


1 


22.87 


5.644.8 


242,701,562 


8 






E 


15.91 
23.75 


1 


19.83 


13,483.5 


502,670,273 


9 




1 J 


D 
C 


23.75 
38.03 


f 


30.89 


13,667.3 


793,703,846 


10. 






C 
B 


38.03 
55.60 


i 


46.82 


13,429.8 


1,182,112,483 


11 . 






B 
A 


55.60 
32.97 


I 


44.28 


11,587.7 


964,634,309 


12 . 






A 

4 


32.97 
29.18 


I 


31.08 


6,593.9 


385,284,214 


13 . 




1 


4 
3 


29.18 
16.29 


1 
i 


22.74 


1,717.2 


73,412,361 


*14 . 






8 








1,012.6 


21,016,836 
31,161,000 


15 . 




Bernice b 


asin. 


8.5 


1,950.0 


Totals 








112,826.4 


5,697,380,784 















* Area Ko. 1 from northeast end of field to cross-section K, and area No. 14 from 
cross-section 3 to southwest end of field, the contents of each bed has been estimated 
separately, given in detail pages 72 and 73. 

Total surface area lowest workable coal-bed, 112,826.-1 
acres, or 176.29 square miles. 

Estimated total original contents Northern coal-field, 
5,697,380,784 tons. 



ESTIMATE OF THE ORIGINAL CONTENTS 
EASTERN MIDDLE COAL-FIELD. 

The Eastern Middle field is comprised in some 20 coal 
basins, usually separated one from the other by anticlinal 
ridges of Pottsville conglomerate, whose resistance to erosion 
has preserved these patches of softer coal measures in the 
synclinal hollows. The total area underlaid by the lowest 
w^orkable bed in this field is a little less than 33 square 
miles. 

In estimating the quantity of coal it was thought best to 
take the natural divisions made by the principal basins, and 
to make a separate estimate of the amount of coal in each 
bed ; this was made easier, as the number of beds are less 
than in the other fields, and as the outcrops of most of them 
are given on the mine sheets. But little explanation will 
be needed of the following tables : — 

Column No. 1 (see page 77) gives name of bed. 

Column No. 2 probable average thickness of the beds. 
These thicknesses have been assigned, after a careful con- 
sideration of the bed sections and bed thicknesses shown by 
shaft, tunnel, or bore-hole sections within the basin, in con- 
nection with the geological structure. 

Column No. 3 shows the probable average thickness of 
coal in each bed in this field. It is taken as 77 per cent, of 
the bed thickness. 

Column No. 4 shows the surface acreage of each bed usu- 
ally measured by planimeter on the mine sheets, but a 
star (^) above the acreage indicates that it has been esti- 
mated. 

Column No. 5 gives the probable bed area of each coal-bed. 
The ratio of surface area to bed area was approximately 

(76) 



obtained from the published sections across the basins ; the 
beds not infrequently pitch 40 or 50 degrees, making the 
increased area an important factor in the estimate. 

Column No. 6 gives the probable original contents of 
each bed, and is obtained by multiplying the bed acres by 
the average thickness of coal in the bed by the number of 
tons per foot acre (1960 used in this field). 

Eight determinations by McCreath, Pennsylvania Geo- 
logical Survey, Annual Report, 1885, page 314, of coal from 
the Mammoth and Wharton beds give an average specific 
gravity of 1.614. As these samples were taken from difi'erent 
points in the field, it gives perhaps a fair average, so I have 
used 1.614 or 100.85 pounds to a cubic foot, or 1960 tons per 
acre to each foot in thickness of coal. 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
E. M. C. F., mine sheets 3 and 4. 
E. M. C. F., cross-section sheet 4. 
E. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 4. 

Area No. 16. 
Pond Creek and Buck ^fountain Basins. 



1. 

Name of Bed. 


2. 

Average 

thickness 

of bed. 


3 

Average 
thickness 
of coal, 77 

per cent. 


4 1 5. 

^arlr 'Bed area 
acre's, j ^^ -«-««■ 


6. 

Probable origi- 
nal contents 
in tons. 


Wharton 

Gamma ....... 

Buck Mountain .... 


Feet. 
6.0 
2.5 

13.5 


Feet. 

4.62 

1.93 

10.39 


" ^88 98 

-^290 1 325 

939 1 1040 


887,409 

1,229,410 

21,189,168 



Probable original contents of area No. 16 23,305,987 



78 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
E. M. C. F., mine sheets 1 and 5. 
E. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 1, 2, and 4. 
E. M. C. F., columnar section sheets 1 and 4. 
Area Xo. 17. 
Cross Creek and Woodside Basins. 



Name of Bed. 




acres'. | ^^ ^«^^^- 


Probable origi- 
nal contents 
in tons. 


Mammoth 

AVharton 

Gamma 

Buck Mountain .... 


Feet. 

14 

6 

4 

14 


Feet. 

10.78 

4.62 

3.08 
10.78 


-130 ^ 169 
-300 360 
-800 960 
1600 1760 


3,570,767 

3,259,872 

5.795,328 

37,186,688 


Probable original contents of area Xo. 17 


49,812,655 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
E. M. C. F., mine sheets 1, 2, and 5. 
E. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 1, 2, and 4. 
E. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 2. 
Area No. 18. 
Big Black Creek Basin 



Name of Bed. 



Average ttToknIss ' Surface T^^d area Probable origi- 
'St.T' ofcoaU Ztl:. ?- acrS malcontents 
«^ ^^^- per cent. , ^^^^^- 



m tons. 



Mammoth 

Wharton and Gamma 
Buck Mountain . . . 



Feet. 

27.0 

3.5 

15.0 



Feet. 

20.79 

2.70 

11.55 



910 
1370 
3236 



1037 
1561 
1830 



42,256,090 

8,260,812 

41,427,540 



Probable original contents of area Xo. 18 91,944,442 

The Wharton bed is only worked near west end of basin. 
I estimate that, including with it the Gamma bed sometimes 
of a workable thickness, that a thickness of 3.5 feet might 
be counted upon for whole area underlaid by the Wharton. 

The Buck Mountain is perhaps not a workable bed in 
the western half of the basin, so I have estimated on about 
one-half of its total area, giving it a liberal thickness of 15 
feet. 



79 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

E. M. C. F., mine sheets 1 and 2. 

E. M. C. F., cross-section sheet 2. 

E. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 1. 

Area No. 19. 

Little Black Creek Basin. 



Name of Bed. 



Avpracrp ' Average 
+M? „£. 1 thickness 

^f^^^i- percent. 



Mammoth . . 
Buck Mountain 



Feet. 
40 

Q 



Feet. 

30.80 

2.31 



Surface 
areas, 
acres. 



2.80 
9.66 



Bed area 
in acres. 



364 
1256 



Probable original contents of area No. 19 



Probable origi- 
nal contents 
in tons. 



21,973,952 
5,686,665 



27,660,617 



Diamond drill borings show two or three small and ir- 
regular beds below the Mammoth ; these are -not positively 
identified. I have estimated that the combined thickness 
below the Mammoth equivalent to a 3-foot bed with the 
area given the Buck Mountain bed on the mine sheets. 

Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
E. M. C. F., mine sheet 11. 
E. M. C. F., cross-section sheet 6. 
E. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 6. 
Area No. 20. 
{East) Black Creek and Stony Creek Basins. 



>'ame of Bed. 


Average 

thickness 

of bed. 


Average 
thickness 
of coal, 77 
per cent. 


Surface 
area, 
acres. 


Bed area 
in acres. 


Probable orig- 
inal contents 
in tons. 


Mammoth 

Wharton 

Buck Mountain .... 

Buck Mountain (Stony 

Creek Basin) .... 


Feet. 

12 

8 

3 

? 


Feet. 
9.24 
6.16 
2.31 

? 


172 
279 
482 

90? 


198 
320 
554 


3,585,859 
3,863,552 
2,508,290 


Probable original contents of area No. 20 






9,957,701 











No coal-beds have been opened in the Stony Creek basin. 
Some 90 acres are shown on the mine sheets as possibly 
underlaid by the Buck Mountain bed. No estimate of 
quantity for this area is made. 



80 

Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

E. M. C. F.,mine sheets 11, 13, and 14a. 

E. M. C. F., cross-section sheet 6. 

E. M. C. F., columnar section sheets 6 and 7. 

Area No. 21. 

{West) Black Creek Basin. 



Isame of Bed. 


Average 

thickness 

of bed. 


t^fn^Ss! Surface 
of coal, 771 ^'^^; 
percent. ^''^^^• 


■Rpfl area Probable orig- 


!Mammoth 

Wharton 

Gamma. 

Buck Mountain .... 


Feet. 
9.0 
7.5 
2.5 
7.0 


Feet. ! 
6.93 j 86 
5.77 294 
1.93 350 
5.39 1061 


95 

412 

472 

1379 


1,290,366 

4,659,390 

1,785,481 

14,568,307 



Probable original contents of area No. 21 { 22,303,544 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
E. M. C. F., mine sheets 13, 14, and 14a. 
E. M. C. F., cross-section sheet 6. 
E. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 7. 

Area No. 22. 

Roberts^ Run and McCauley Basins. 



AvpraaP ' Average 
"^ "^^- per cent. 


Surface 
area, 
acres. 


Bed area 
in acres. 


Probable orig- 
inal contents 
in tons. 


1 Feet. 

Mammoth 11.0 

Wharton 4.5 

Gamma 2.5 

Buck Mountain .... 11.5 


Feet. 

8.47 
3.46 
1.93 

8.85 


109 

130 

*215 

323 


153 
182 
312 
458 


2,539,983 
1,234,251 
1,180,233 
7,944,468 


Probable original contents of area No. 22 




12,898,935 







81 

Refer emce : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
E. M. C. F.,mine sheets 1, 2, 5, and 11. 
E. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 1, 3, 4, and 5. 
E. M. C. F., columnar section sheets 3 and 6. 

Area No. 23. 
Hazleton Basin. 



Name of Bed. 


Average 

thickness 

of bed. 


Average 
thickness 
of coal, 77 
per cent. 


Surface 
area, 
acres. 


Bed area 
iu acres. 


Probable orig- 
inal contents 
in tons. 


Primrose 

Mammoth 

fParlor \ 

Wharton J 

Gamma 

Back Mountain .... 


Feet. 

5.0 

25.0 

7.9 

2.5 
2.5 


Feet. 
3.85 

19.25 

5.39 

1.93 
1.93 


*617 
1830 

3925 

*3700 
4948 


728 
2159 

3925 

4070 

5789 


5,493,488 
81,459,070 

41,465,270 

15,395,996 

21,898,629 



Probable original contents of area No. 23 



165,712,453 



t Parlor bed, only a small area of workable thickness, and is included with the Wharton 
b»jd in the estimate. 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

E. M. C. F., mine sheets 7, 8, and 10. 

E. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 4 and 5. 

E. M. C. F., columnar section sheets 4, 5, and 6. 

Area No. 24. 
Beaver Meadow and Dreck Creek Basins. 



Name of Bed. 



Averao-p I Average 
,t7^^^11 thickness 
thickness I ^„^„i ^-, 

of bed. of coal, |7 
per cent. 



Surface 
area, 
acres. 



Bed area 
in acres. 



Probable orig- 

ioal contents 

in tons. 



Mammoth . . 
Wharton . . . 
Gamma . . . 
Buck Mountain 
Buck Mountain 
Alpha bed . . 



Feet. 

28 

8 

5 

3 



Feet. 
21.56 

6.16 
3.85 
2.31 



3 



2.31 



1337 
2273 
^3379 
4270 
1200 
*200 



1738 
2841 
4122 
5124 

240 



Probable original contents of area No. 24 



73,443,708 
34,301,097 
31,104,612 
23,199,422 

9 

1,086,624 



163,135,463 



The probable area of Buck Mountain bed, in the Dreck 
Creek basin (1200 acres), is shown in table, but no beds in 



82 



this basin have yet been found of a workable thickness and 
quality. 

The Alpha bed is worked in the neighborhood of Beaver 
Brook. The estimate of the area workable is necessarily a 
rough approximation. 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

E. M. C. F., mine sheets lo/ll, 12, and 13. 

E. M. C. F., cross-section sheet 5. 

E. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 5. 

Area No. 25. 
Green Mountain Basins Nos. 1 to 5. 



Name of Bed. 



Average j thiSS ' Surface j, , : Probable orig- 

tMckness I ^^''^^f^ area, f,!™ '°«^ contemn 

of bed oicoai, //. ^^^^c m acres. 
"^ "^^- percent. 



acres. 



in tons. 



Wharton . . . 
Gamma . . . 
Buck Mountain 



Feet. 
4.0 
5.0 
9.5 



Feet. 
3.08 
3.85 
7.32 



*88 

*236 

900 



103 

284 
1184 



621,790 

2,143,064 

16.987,084 



Probable original contents of area No. 25 19,751,938 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
E. M. C. F., mine sheets 8a and 9. 

Area Xo. 2G. 
Silver Brook Basins. 



Name of Bed- 


Average 

thickness 

of bed. 


Average 
thickness 
of coal, 77 
per cent. 


acres'. ^^ -^^'^^■ 


Probable origi- 
nal contents 
in tons. 


Mammoth 

Skidmore 

Buck Mountain .... 

Probable original contei 


Feet. 
20.0+ 

5.0 

6.5 

its of are 


Feet. 

15.40 
3.85 
5.00 

a No. 26 


*37 48 

^400 480 

930 ! 1116 


1,448,832 

3,622,080 

10,936,800 

16,007,712 



83 

The estimate of all the basins brought forward in table 
B shows the total area and contents of the field. 

Table B. 

Estimate of Total Original Contents Eastern Middle Coal-Field. 



Area 

No. 


Name of Basin. 


Surface area 

lowest workable 

bed in acres. 


Probable orig- 
inal contents 
in tons. 


16 
• 19 


Pond Creek and Buck Mountain . . . 

Cross Creek and Woodside 

Big Black Creek 

Little Black Creek ......... 


939 

1,600 

3,236 

966 

572 

1,061 

323 

4,948 

5,470 

900 

930 


23,305,987 
49,812,655 
91,944,442 
27,660,617 
9,957,701 
22,303,544 


20 
21 


(East) Black Creek and Stonv Creek . 
(West) Black Creek ...."..... 


- 22 
23 
24 
25 
26 


Roberts' Run and McCauley 

Hazleton 

Beaver Meadow and l)reck Creek . . 

Green Mountain, Nos. 1 to 5 

Silver Brook Basins . . . 


12,898,935 

165,712,453 

163,135,463 

19,751,938 

16,007,712 








Totals 


20,945 


602,491,447 



Total surface area lowest workable coal-bed, 20,945 acres, 
or 32.72 square miles. 

Estimated total original contents Eastern Middle coal- 
field, 602,491,447 tons. 



84 



ESTIMATE OF THE ORIGINAL CONTENTS OF THE 
WESTERN MIDDLE COAL-FIELD. 

The Western Middle field is some 37 miles long with a 
maximum width of about 5 miles, and contains about 94 
square miles underlaid by the lowest workable coal-bed. 
It is one continuous field, with the floor much corrugated 
by anticlinal and synclinal rolls. The beds are found at 
all angles from flat to a few^ areas with overturned dips. 
Speaking generally of the field, the dip may be said to aver- 
age 30 to 40 degrees, and the bed areas show a very appre- 
ciable increase over the surface areas. 

As before stated, in the eastern half of the field areas 27 
to 30 (see pages 91-94) I have estimated the contents 
of each bed separately, as the bed areas had alread}'^ been 
computed by the Geological Survey and kindly placed at 
my disposal by Professor Lesley. 

The western half of the field comprised on mine sheets 5 
to 8 and 5a to la has been estimated from the cross-sec- 
tions. In discussing these cross-sections, commencing with 
the most eastern on mine sheet 5, section No. 12, the dis- 
cussion of cross-section K, Northern field (page 62), applies 
equally in this field, except that column c is obtained by 
taking 77 per cent, of the bed thickness. 

Eleven hundred and forty-four bed sections, well dis- 
tributed throughout the field, eliminating all refuse, in- 
cluding bony coal in the refuse, give an average for the 
field 77 per cent, coal, 23 per cent, refuse. 

The beds of the Lykens Valley group are important in 
the western part of the field, but grow thinner to the east. 
Just where the Lykens Valley ceases to be a workable bed 
is not determined. It is quite possible that future explora- 
tions may develop workable areas of the coal to the extreme 
eastern end of the field. I have first taken it into account 
in this estimate on mine sheet 3, giving it there an average 
thickness of 2.5 feet. 



85 



Reference: — 



Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

W. M. C. F., mine sheets 5 and 5a. 

W. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 5, 6, and 7. 

W. M. C. F., columnar section sheets 2 and 3. 



Cross-Section No. 12. 



Name of Bed. 



Tracy, No. XVI 

Little Diamond, No. XY. . 
Diamond, No. XIV. . . . 
Big Orchard, No. XII. . . 

Primrose, No. XI 

Holmes, No. X. 

Mammoth, Nos. VIII. and IX. 

Skidmore, No. VII 

Seven Foot, No. VI. ... 
Buck Mountain, No. V. . . , 
Lykens Valley, No. II. . . ' 
Lykens Valley, No. I. . . , 



Average 

thickness 

of bed. 



Feet. 
5.0 
2.5 
6.0 
6.0 
7.0 
6.0 

18.0 
4.0 
? 

6.0 
6.0 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
77 per cent. 




Feet. 
3.85 
1.93 
4.62 
4.62 
5.39 
4.62 
13.86 
3.08 
? 

4.62 
4.62 



Feet. 

700 

1,450 

2,000 

3,100 

5,650 

9,250 

17,100 

18,200 

19,800 
22,200 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness . . . . 
Surface length underlaid by lowest workable coal-bed (Ly- 
kens Valley) 

Probable average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . . 



dc. 

Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Feet. 

2,695 

2,799 

9,240 

14,322 

30,454 

42,735 

237,006 

56,056 

'9i,476 
102,5^4 



589,347 

17,600 
33.49 



il 



S6 



Reference : — 



Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

W. M. C. F., mine sheets 5 and 5a. 

W. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 5, 6, and 7. 

W. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 2. 



Cross-Section No. 13. 



Name of Bed. 



Average 

thickness 

of bed. 



Feet. 
6 
6 

6 



Orchard, No. XII. . . . 
Primrose, No. XT. . . . 

Holmes, No. X 

Mammoth Top split, No. IX., | 8 

Mammoth Bot. split, No.YlII.,' 7 

Skid more, No. YII 4 

Seven Foot, No. A^I 3 

Buck Mountain, No. X. . . . 6 

Lykens Valley, No. II. . 
Lykens Valley, No. I. . 

Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness .... 
Surface underlaid bv lowest workable coal-bed (Lykens 

Valley) ' 

Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
77 per cent. 



Feet. 
4.62 
4.62 
4.62 
6.16 
5.39 
3.08 
2.31 
4.62 

4.62 



Length 
of bed. 



Feet. 

1,050 

5,800 
12,600 
15,800 
16,235 
20,650 

3,600 
24,425 

26,775 



Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Feet. 

4,851 
26,796 
58,212 
97,328 
87,507 
63,602 

8,316 
112,844 

123,701 



583,157 

24,000 
24.29 



87 



Reference : — 



Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

"W. M. C. F., mine sheets 6 and Qa. 

W. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 5, 6, and 7. 

W. M. C. F., columnar section sheets 1 and 2. 

Cross-Section No. 14. 



Name of Bed. 



Little Orchard, No. XIII. . . 

Orchard, No. XII 

Primrose, No. XI 

Holmes, No. X 

Mammoth Top split, No. IX., 
Mammoth Bot. split, No. VIII. 

Skidmore, No. YII 

Seven Foot, No. VI 

Buck Mountain, No. V. . 
Lykens Valley, No. II. • ■ \ 
Lykens Valley, No. I. . . . j 



Average 

thickness 

of bed. 



Feet. 
6.0 
4.0 
6.0 
4.0 
6.0 
8.0 
2.5 
2.5 
6.0 

6.0 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
77 per cent. 



Feet. 
4.62 
3.08 
4.62 
3.08 
4.62 
6.16 
1.93 
1.93 
4.62 

4.62 



Length 
of bed. 



Feet. 
1,800 

3,200 
3,825 
8,500 
13,215 
15,735 
14,300 
20,100 
22,500 

26.940 



Totol coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 

Surface lensth underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lykens 

Valley) 

Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 



Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Feet. 

8,316 

9,856 

17,672 

26,180 

61,053 

96,928 

27,599 

38,793 

103,950 

124,463 



514,810 

24,000 
21.45 



88 



Reference : — 



Geological Surve}^ of Pennsylvania. 

W. M. C. F., mine sheets 6 and 6a. 

W. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 5 and 6. 

W. M. C. F., columnar section sheets 1 and 2. 

Cross-Section No. 15. 



Name of Bed 



Average Aver, thick- j^ ^^ 
tliickness I nessofcoal, ] - *- 
of bed. 77 per cent, i 



of bed. 



Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Tracy, No. XVI 

Little Diamond, No. XY. . . 

Diamond, No. XIV 

Little Orchard, No. XIII. . . 

Orchard, No. XII 

Primrose, No. XI 

Holmes, No.X 

Mammoth Top split. No. IX., 
Mammoth Bot. split,No.VIII. 

Skidmore, No. VII 

Seven Foot, No. VI 

Buck Mountain, No. V. . . . 
Lykens Valley, No. II. . 
Lykens Valley, No. I. . . 



Feet. 
4.0 
5.0 
6.0 
5.0 
5.0 
7.0 
7.0 
7.0 
8.0 
3.0 
2.5 
5.0 

6.0 



Feet. 

3.08 

3.85 

4.62 

3.85 

3.85 

5.39 

5.39 

5.39 

6.16 

2.31 

1.93 

3.85 

4.62 



Feet. 

1,100 

2,100 

3,050 

4,130 

5.200 

8,936 

11,320 

17,120 

17.320 

17,400 

17,450 

17,785 



Feet. 

3,388 

8.085 

14,091 

15,901 

20,020 

48,160 

61,015 

92,277 

106,691 

40,194 

33,679 

68,472 



21,550 , 99,561 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 

Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lykens 

Valley) 

Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 



611,534 

16,200 
37.75 



89 



Reference :■ 



Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
W. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 7 and 8. 
W. M. C. F., mine sheets 7 and 7a. 
W. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 1. 

Ckoss-Section No. 16. 



Name of Bed. 



Average 

thickness 

of bed. 



Tracy, No. XVI 

Little Diamond, No. XV. . . 

Diamond, No. XIV 

Little Orchard, No. XIII. . . 

Orchard, No. XII 

Primrose, No. XI 

Holmes, No. X 

Mammoth Top split. No. IX. 
Mammoth Bot. split,No.VIII. 

Skidmore, No. VII 

Seven Foot, No. VI 

Buck Mountain, No. V. . . . 
Lykens Valley, No. II, . , \ 
Ly kens Valley, No, 1. . . , / 

Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 

Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lykens 

Valley) 

Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 



Feet, 
4.0 
5.0 
6.0 
5.0 
5.0 
6.0 
7.0 
8.0 
8.0 
3.0 
2.0 
5.5 

6.0 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
77 per cent. 



Feet. 
3.08 
3.85 
4.62 
3.85 
3.85 
4.62 
5.39 
6.16 
6.16 
2.31 
1.93 
3.85 

4,62 



Length 
of bed. 



Feet, 

1,225 

2,070 

3,630 

4,720 

5,580 

9,125 

11,100 

13,900 

14,335 

15,000 

15,100 

15,670 

16,315 



Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Feet. 

3,773 
7,970 
16,771 
18,172 
21,483 
42,158 
59,829 
85,624 
88,304 
34,650 
29,143 
60,330 

75,375 



543,502 

14.500 
37.49 



i 



90 



Reference :• 



Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
W. M. C. F., mine sheets 7 and 7a. 
W. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 7 and 8. 
W. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 1. 



Cross-Section No. 17. 



Name of Bed , 



Average 

thickness 

of bed. 



Diamond, Xo. XIV. . . 
Little Orchard, No. XIII 
Orchard, No. XII. . . , 
Primrose, No. XI. . . , 

Holmes, No. X 

Mammoth Top split, No. IX. 
Mammoth Bot. split,No.VIII 
Skidmore, No. VII. . . 
Seven Foot, No. VI. . 
Back Mountain, No. V. 
Lykens Valley, No. II. 
Lykens Valley, No. I. 



}i 



Feet. 
3 
3 
5 
5 
8 
9 

12 
3 
3 
6 




Feet, 
2.31 
2.31 
3.85 
3.85 
6.13 
6.93 
9.24 
2.31 
2.31 
4.62 



Feet. 

1,325 

4,300 

5,150 

8,000 

9,550 

10,200 

10,300 

10,650 

11,550 

13,140 



6.16 ! 14,000 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 

Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lykens 

Valley) 

Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 



Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Feet. 
3,061 
9,933 
19,828 
30,800 
58,828 
70,686 
95,172 
24.602 
26,681 
60,707 

86,240 



486,538 

12,200 
39.88 



91 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
W. M. C. F., mine sheet 8. 
W. M. C. F., cross-section sheet 8. 
W. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 1. 
Cross-Section No. 18. 



Name of Bed. 



Primrose, No. XI 

Holmes, No. X 

Mammoth Top split, No. IX. 
Mammoth Bot. split, No. VIII. 

Skidmore, No. VII 

Seven Foot, No. VI 

Buck Mountain, No. V. . . . 
Lykens Valley, No. II. . . 
Lykens Valley, No. I 



Average 

thickness 

of bed. 



Feet. 
3.0 
2.5 
12.0 
12.0 
3.0 
5.0 
6.0 
7.0 
6.0 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
77 per cent. 



Feet. 
2.31 
1.93 
9.24 
9.24 
2.31 
3.85 
4.62 
5.39 
4.62 



Length 
of bed. 



Feet. 
610 
2,230 
3,345 
3,685 
4,570 
5,310 
6,100 
7,040 
7,500 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness . . . . 
Surface length underlaid by lowest workable coal-bed (Ly- 
kens Valley) . . . 

Average thickness of coal per foot of surface ....... 



Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Feet. 
1,409 
4,304 
30,908 
34,049 
10,557 
20,444 
28,182 
37,946 
34,650 



202,449 

6,100 
33.19 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
W. M. C. F., mine sheet 1. 
W. M. C. F., cross-section sheet 1. 
W. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 7. 
Area No. 27. 
Mine Sheet No. 1 and Extreme Eastern End of Basin. 



Name of Bed. 




Average 

thickness 

of bed. 


Primrose , - 


Feet. 
10 
10 
10 

4 

6 

6 

6 
13 

? 


Holmes 




Mammoth Top . . 
Mammoth Middle . 
Mammoth Bottom 
Skidmore 


, 


Seven Foot .... 




Buck Mountain . . 
Lykens Valley . . 


• 



Average 
thickness 
of coal, 77 

per cent. 



Feet. 
7.70 
7.70 
7.70 
3.08 
4.62 
4.62 
4.62 
10.01 
? 



Probable original contents of area No. 27 



Surface 
area in 
acres. 



2.9 

305.9 

809.0 

879.5 

1,309.1 

1,724.1 

2,195.6 

3,121.3 

5,591.3 



Bed area 
in acres. 



3.68 
378.40 
981.21 
1,085.53 
1,582.00 
2,082.07 
2,627.80 
3,638.50 
6,393.90 



Probable origi- 
nal contents 
in tons. 



55,539 
5,710,813 
14,808.421 
6,553,127 
14,325,326 
18,853,560 
23,795,255 
71,385,915 



155,487,956 



92 



Reference 



Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

W. M. C. F., mine sheets 2 and 2a. 

W. M. C. F., cross-section sheets 1 and 2. 

W. M. C. F., columnar section sheets 6 and 7. 

Area No. 28. 
Mine Sheet No. 2 and .^a. 



Name of Bed. 



Ajerage t^Xe^s 
nf & of coal, 77 
«f^^<i- percent. 



Little Tracv . 
Big Tracy ' . . 
Big Diamond . 
Little Orchard 
Orchard . . . 
Primrose . . . 
Hohnes . . . 
Mammoth Top 
Mammoth Middle 
Mammoth Bottom 
Skidm.ore . . . 
Seven Foot . . 
Buck Mountain 
Lykens Valley 



Feet. 
5.0 
7.0 
8.0 
3.0 

10.0 
9.0 

ILO 

15.6 
8.0 

16.6 
6.0 
7.0 

10.0 

9 



Feet. 
3.S5 

5.39 
6.16 
2.31 
7.70 
6.93 
8.47 

12.01 
6.16 

12.78 
4.62 
5.39 
7.70 



Surface 
area iu 
acres. 



Bed 



129.3 

316.9 

561.4 

17.9 

958.8 

1,690.1 

2,597.3 

3,704.1 

7,755-4 

4,537.4 

4.821.2 

5,052.9 

5,412.4 

7,115.4 



199.8 

450.2 

772.7 

26.3 

1,296.5 

2,256.2 

3.428.0 

4.791.0 

5,982,1 

5,860.0 

6,335.8 

6,646.4 

7,143.0 

9,462.2 



Probable orig- 
inal contents 
in tons. 



1,507.691 

4,756,093 

9,329.271 

119,076 

19,566,778 

30,645,513 

56,908,914 

112,778,224 

72.225,483 

146,785,968 

57,371,936 

70,215,228 

107,802,156 



Probable total original contents of area No. 28 1690,012,331 



Reference : — 



Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

W. M. C. F., mine sheets 3 and 3a. 

W. M. C. F., cross-section sheet 2. 

W. M. C. F., columnar section sheets 4 and 5. 

Area No. 29. 
Mine Sheet No. 3 and ^a. 











Average 


Average 


Surface 


Bed area 


Probable origi- 


Name of Bed. 


thickness 


thickness 


area in 




nal contents 




of bed. 


of coal. 


acres. 


in acres. 


in tons. 




Feet. 


Feet. 








Little Tracv 


3.0 


2.31 


4.4 


6.9 


31,240 


Tracy .... 






7.0 


5.39 


230.4 


341.5 


3,607,743 


Little Diamond 






3.0 


2.31 


528.3 


819.3 


3,709,463 


Diamond . . . 








6.0 


4.62 


868.5 


1,378.6 


12,483,499 


Little Orchard 








4.0 


3.08 


1,060.9 


1,709.0 


10,316,891 


Orchard . . . 








6.0 


4.62 


1,426.2 


2,293.8 


20,770,818 


Primrose . . . 








5.0 


3.85 


1,738.8 


2,767.3 


20,882,236 


Holmes ... 








9.0 


6.93 


2,156.8 


3,413.5 


46,364,888 


Mammoth . . 








30.0 


23.1 


3,095.4 


4,921.6 


222,830,362 


Skid more . . 








4.0 


3.08 


3,733.9 


5,651.5 


34,116,975 


Seven Foot . . 








4.0 


3.08 


4,287.4 


6,455.7 


38,971,770 


Buck Mountain 








13.5 


10.4 


5,094.7 


7,586.8 


154,649,331 


Lykens Valley 






2.5 


1.93 


7,414.2 


10,797.0 


40,842,892 


Probable total oi 


ig 


in 


al 


contents c 


jf area N 


0. 29 . . 




009,577,908 



94 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
W. M. C. F., mine sheets 4 and 4a. 
W. M. C. F., cross-section sheet 3. 
W. M. C. F., columnar section sheets 3 and 4. 
Area No. 30. 
Mine Sheet No. 4 Gi'^d ^a. 



Name of Bed. 



Little Tracy . 
Tracy .... 
Little Diamond 
Diamond . . . 
Little Orchard 
Orchard . . . 
Primrose . . . 
Holmes . . . 
Mammoth . . 
Skidmore . . 
Seven Foot . . 
Buck Moantain 
Lykens Valley 



Average 


Average 


Surface 




Probable origi- 


thickness 


thickness 


area m 




nal contents 


of bed. 


of coal. 


acres. 




in tons. 


Feet. 


Feet. 








2.5 


1.93 


235.5 


450.3 


1,703,395 


5.0 


3.85 


370.0 


707.2 


5,336,531 


2.5 


1.93 


591.5 


1,130.6 


4,276,834 


6.0 


4.62 


873.5 


1,650.6 


14,946,513 


2.5 


1.93 


1,176.4 


1,883.5 


7,124,904 


4.0 


3.08 


1,624.5 


2,867.5 


17,310,524 


8.0 


6.16 


2,224.7 


3,785.2 


45,700,987 


6.0 


4.62 


2,780.8 


4,625.6 


41,885,729 


23.0 


17.71 


4,331.3 


6,800.0 


236.038,880 


3.0 


2.31 


5,042.7 


7,784.5 


35.245,102 


2.5 


1.93 


5,694.4 


8,652.3 


32,729,920 


ILO 


8.47 


6,399.1 


9,586.9 


159,154,044 


4.0 


3.08 


8,108.5 


12,003.9 


72,465,144 


ontents c 


f area N 


0. 30 . - 




673,918,507 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
W. M. C. F., mine sheet 8. 
W. M. C. F., cross-section sheet 8. 
W. M. C. F., columnar section sheet 1. 
Area No. 37. 
From Section No. 18 to West End of Field. 



Name of Bed. 



Primrose 

Holmes 

Mammoth Top . . . 
Mammoth Bottom . 

Skidmore 

Seven Foot 

Buck Mountain . . . 
Lykens Valley, No. II. 
Lykens Valley, No. I. 



Average 


Average 


Surface 


Bed area 


thickness 


thickness 


area in 


of bed. 


of coal. 


acres. 




Feet. 


Feet. 






3.0 


2.31 


12 


14.4 


2.5 


1.93 


40 


48.0 


12.0 


9.24 


265 


318.0 


12.0 


9.24 


319 


382.8 


3.0 


2.31 


571 


685.2 


5.0 


3.85 


757 


908.4 


6.0 


4.62 


884 


1,060.8 


7.0 


5.39 


1,293 


1,554.6 


6.0 


4.62 


1,372 


1,646.4 


its of are 


a No. 37 




. . . . 



Probable origi- 
nal contents 



65,197 

181,574 

5.759,107 

6,932,661 

3,102,312 

6,8-4,786 

9,605,756 

16,423,416 

14,908,481 

63,833,290 



95 



Table C which follows shows the estimate of contents for 
the whole field. The explanation of table A, Northern field, 
page , applies equally well here, excepting the reference to 
the specific gravity, as in this table I have used 1960 tons 
per foot acre. 

Ten specimens from the Primrose, Mammoth, Seven Foot, 
and Buck Mountain beds, determined by McCreath, Penn- 
sylvania Geological Survey, Annual Report, 1885, page 314, 
give an average of 1.658, but as the Lykens Valley beds 
are less dense than the beds higher in the measure, I have 
thought best to use 1960 tons per acre for each foot in 
thickness of coal (or specific gravity 1.614) in the following 
estimate : — 

Table C. 
Estimate of Toted Original Contents Western Middle Coal-Field. 



Area No. 



Between 
cross-sections. 



3. j 4. 5. 

a^enScwIs'of^ Probable aver- i Surface area 
coal at cro^l Vig^ thickness of lowest workable 



sections. 



-•^27 
*28 
*29 
-30 



32 
33 
34 
35 

36 

*37 



(M. S. I.) i 
(M.S.2&2a.); 
(M.S.3&3a.)' 
(M.S.4&4a.) 
/ t(12) 
I 13 

r 13 

I 14 ! 

/ 14 
1 15 

15 

16 \ 

16 i 

17 I 

17 i 

18 i 
18 



Feet. 



coal for areas. 



•33.49 
24.29 
24.29 
21.45 
21.45 
37.75 
37.75 
37.49 
37.49 
39.88 
39.88 
33.19 



Totals, 



28.89 
22.87 
29.60 
37.62 
38.69 
36.54 



bed in acres. 



5,591.3 
7,] 15.4 
7,414.2 
8,108.5 

7,464.0 

7,562.0 

5,929.0 

1,759.0 

4,141.0 

3,734.0 
1,372.0 



60,190.4 



Probable origi- 
nal contents in 
tons. 



155,487,956 
690,012,331 
609,577.908 
673,918,507 

422,644,522 

333,968,162 

343,976,864 

129,700,217 

314,021,968 

267,423,106 
63,833,290 



4,009,564,831 



■=For areas 27, 28, 29, 30, and 37 the contents of each bed has been estimated separately, 
given in detail on pages . 

t Area 31 covers the territory between the west line of sheets 4 and 4(r and cross-section 
No. 13, but cross-section No. 12, which falls within this area, is used in determiuinii- the 
average thickness. 

Total surface area lowest workable coal-bed, 60,190.4 
acres, or 94.04 square miles. 

Estimated total original contents Western Middle coal- 
field, 4,009,564,831 tons. 



96 



ESTIMATE OF THE ORIGINAL CONTEXTS OF THE 
SOUTHERN COAL-FIELD. 

The Southern field, the largest of all, the lowest work- 
able bed covering an area of about 180 square miles, ex- 
tends from the Lehigh at Mauch Chunk to the Susquehanna, 
above Dauphin, some 70 miles, with a prong branching 
to the north, just west of Tremont, extending some 16 
miles west to Lykens : maximum width of the field at 
Pottsville about 8 miles. 

The force of the great thrust or upthrow which changed 
all the anthracite strata from horizontal to a wavy and 
folded condition was most severe in this field. The southern 
barrier, the strata of the Sharp Mountain, with its conglom- 
erates and included and overlying coal-beds, stands per- 
pendicular (and often overturned to inverted dips of 50 or 
60 degrees) for the whole length of the field. This great 
upturning of the strata in the Sharp Mountain and in the 
succeeding waves to the north, has produced basins of great 
depth, and preserved from erosion a greater number of 
coal-beds and greater thickness of strata than in the other 
fields. 

The crushing and faulting of the coal in portions of the 
coal-beds which have been sharply uptilted or overturned ; 
the number of the coal-beds; the depth of tlie basins; the 
comparatively small areas developed by mining operations 
which, generally speaking, have been confined to the rim 
of the basin; and the fact that no very exact records of the 
earlier developments in this field have been preserved ; all 
combine to render it difficult to make a close estimate of its 
contents. 

In the following estimate these difficulties have been 
borne in mind, though, of course, only the development of 
the facts by future mining operations w^ill overcome them. 
The probable loss from the first cause, the crushing and 
faulting of the coal-beds, is perhaps no more than has been 
generally supposed ; the beds having steep or overturned 



97 

dips are the ones usually most affected. A thorough study 
of all the published cross-sections in this field indicate that 
about 13 per cent, of the original coal of the field has been 
uplifted, until it now has a dip of 70 degrees or more. 

In addition to the published columnar sections and bed- 
sections kindly furnished me by the operating companies, 
much valuable information was obtained from various old 
maps of some of the earlier operations, from the reports of 
the First Survey, from the operators and mining engineers-, 
and from personal observations. 

The estimate of the contents of the field is based upon the 
cross-sections, excepting on sheets 1, 2, 8, where I have 
copied the estimate of the Geological Survey. (Report AA, 
pages 138, 139, and 140.) 

The discussion of cross-section K, Northern field, page 
, applies in this field, except that column c is obtained 
by taking 72 per cent, of the bed thicknesses. 

Two hundred and seventy-five bed-sections, pretty well 
distributed throughout the field, eliminating all refuse, in- 
cluding bony coal in the refuse, give as an average for the 
field 72 per cent, coal, 28 per cent, refuse. 

The Lykens Valley group, sometimes showing six work- 
able beds in the western part of the field, is not found east 
of Tamaqua; above Tamaqua, in the Locust Mountain, 
this group is represented by two small beds (thickness not 
known), one of which has been worked to a small extent. 
I have made no estimate of the thickness of these beds 
until section 20, through Forestville, is reached. It seems 
quite possible that some areas of Lykens Valley coal ma}' 
prove workable between Tamaqua and section 20, but the de- 
velopments are now quite too few to speak with certainty. 
This bed was, however, at one time worked to a small extent 
at the Altamont No. 1 colliery, near Frackville. 

It should be noted that from cross-section 12 at Tamaqua 
to cross section 20 that the average thicknesses on the cross- 
sections, and the areas underlaid b}^ workable coal, are based 
on the Buck Mountain bed; on section 20 and westward the 
estimate is based on the Lykens Valley bed. It seemed best 



98 

to use the Buck Mountain bed in the first area, as the out- 
crop of the Lykens Valley is there not well defined, and con- 
sequently the area covered by it uncertain. 

The total area of the lowest workable bed for the field is 
based on the Lykens Valley bed, as defined on the published 
mine sheets. 



Refer euce : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

S. C. F.,mine sheets 3 and 4. 

S. C. F., cross-section sheet 8. 

S. C. F., columnar section sheet 3. 

Cross-Section Xo. 12. 



a. 
Name of Bed. 



Coal 

Jock 

Wiishington 

G or Upper Red Ash . . 

F or Red Ash 

Mammoth Top split . . 
Mammoth Middle split 
Mammoth Bottom split 

C 

B 

A 

Lykens Valley . . . . 



b. ' c. 

Average Aver, thick- 
thickness nessofcoal, 
of bed. : 72 per cent. 



Feet. 
4 

5 
3 
4 
11 
2 
6 
8 
8 
8 
5 



Feet. 
2.88 
3.60 
2.16 
2.88 
7.92 
14.40 
4.32 
5.76 
5.76 
5.76 
3.60 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 
Surface length underlaid by Buck Mountain bed 
Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . . 



Length 
of bed. 



Feet. 
3,000 

6,500 
7,100 
7,700 
8,400 
9.000 
9,050 
9,200 
9,700 
10,500 
11,000 



dc. 
Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 
> thick. 



Feet. 
8,640 
23,400 
15,336 
22,176 
66,528 
129,600 
39,096 
52.992 
55.872 
60,480 
39,600 



513,720 
7,000 
73 39 



99 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

S. C. F., mine sheet 4. 

S. C. F., cross-section sheet 4. 

S. C. F., columnar section sheet 4. 

Cross-Section No. 13. 



Name of Bed. 



Little Tracv 

Tracy . . I 

Diamond ...... 

Orchard 

Primrose 

Holmes 

Mam m oth To p s pi i t . . 
Mammoth Middle split 
Mnmmoth Bottom split 

Skidmore 

Buck Mountain . . . . 
Lykens Valley . . . . 



Average 
thickness 
of bed. 



Feet. 
2.5 
3.5 
4.0 
6.0 
6.0 
8.0 

18.0 

6.0 

4.0 

8.0 

? 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
72 percent. 



Feet. 
1.80 
2.52 
2.88 
4.32 
4.32 
5.76 

12.96 

4.32 

2.88 

5.76 

? 



Length 
of bed. 



Feet. 

600 

1,350 

2,180 
3,650 
5,450 
6,250 

7,120 

7,280 
7,400 
8,100 



j Length of bed. 
i Coal 1 foot 
! thick. 



Feet. 

1,080 

3,402 

6,278 

15,768 

23,544 

36,000 



92,275 

31,450 
21,312 

46,656 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 
Surface length underlaid by Buck Mountain bed . . 
Average thickness of coal per foot of surface .... 



277,765 
5,880 
47.23 



RExMARKS. 

The beds above the Orchard bed have not been worked 
in this vicinity, but are cut in the Reevesdale tunnel. 

On the north side of the section the Mammoth bed is 
found (and in places worked) in three splits, while to the 
south along Sharp Mountain but two splits are recognized. 



100 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

S. C. F., mine sheets 4 and 5. 

S. C. F., cross-section sheet 4. 

S. C. F., columnar section sheet 4. 

Cross-Section No. 14. 



Name of Bed. 



Little Diamond . . . . 

Diamond 

Orchard . . 

Primrose 

Holmes 

Mammoth Top split . . 
Mammoth Bottom split 

Skidmore 

Buck Mountain . . . . 
Ly kens Valley . . . . 



Average 
thickness 
of bed. 



Feet. 
3 



Aver. Thick- 
ness of coal, 
72 per cent. 



Length 
of bed. 




Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 
Surface length underlaid by Buck Mountain bed . 
Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . . 



Length of bed. 
; Coal 1 foot 
j thick. 



Feet. 

3,024 
15,552 
26,964 
38.808 
45,158 
46,829 
48,960 
25,200 
52,704 



303,199 
7,500 
40.43 



101 



Reference :— 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

S. C. F,, mine sheets 5 and 9. 

S. C. F., cross-section sheets 5, 6, and 7. 

h). C. F., columnar section sheets 4 and 11. 

Cross-Section No. 15. 



Name of Bed. 



Sandrock 

Lewis 

Palmer 

Charles Pott 

Clarkson 

Little Diamond . . . . 

Diamond 

Orchard 

Primrose 

Holmes 

Seven Foot 

Mammoth Top split . . 
Mammoth Bottom split 

Skidmore 

Buck Mountain . . 
Lykens Valley . . . . 



Average 
thickness 
of bed. 



Feet. 
2.5 
4.0 
2.5 
2.5 
4.0 
2.0 
6.0 
4.0 
5.0 
4.0 
3.5 
11.0 
10.0 
6.0 
8.0 
? 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
72 per cent. 



Feet. 
1.80 
2.88 
1.80 
1.80 
2.88 
1.44 
4.32 
2.88 
3.60 
2.88 
2.52 
7.92 
7.20 
4.32 
5.76 
? 



Length 
of bed. 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 
Surface length underlaid by Buck Mountain bed . 
Average thickness of coal per foot of surface , . . 



Feet. 

2,480 

4,250 

4,750 

5,400 

7,100 

9,650 

11,350 

12,400 

12,600 

12,900 

^4,700 

15,600 

16,600 

17,450 

18,350 



Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Feet. 

4,464 

12,240 

8,550 

9,720 

20,448 

13,896 

49,032 

35,712 

45,360 

37,152 

37,044 

123,552 

119,520 

75,384 

105,696 



697,770 

14,400 

48.45 



Remarks. 

The published section No. 15 extends only south to the 
most northern outcrop of the Palmer bed. I have, how- 
ever, constructed this section all the way across the field to 
the red shale outcrop on the south flank of Sharp Mountain, 
and the bed lengths given above are measured on this ex- 
tended section. 



102 



Reference: — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

S. C. F., mine sheets 6 and 10. 

S. C. F., cross-section sheets 5, 6, 7, and 8. 

S. C. F., columnar section sheets 5 and 11. 

Cross-Section No. 16. 



Name of Bed. 



Average Aver, thick- 
thickness i nessofcoal, 
of had. i 72 pei' ceut. 



Length 
of bed. 



Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Sandrock 

Lewis 

Palmer 

Charles Pott . . . . . 

Clarkson 

Little Diamond . . . . 

Diamond 

Little Orchard 

•Orchard 

Primrose 

Hohiies 

Mammoth Top split . . 
Mammoth Middle split 
Mammoth Bottom split 

Skidmore 

Buck Mountain . . . . 
Lykens AMley . . . . 



Feet. 
3.(1 
4.5 
3.0 
3.5 
5.0 
2.0 
6.0 

o 

3.5 

7.0 

4.0 

8.0 

11.0 

11.0 

7.0 

8.0 

? 



Feet. 
2.16 
3.24 
2.16 
2.52 
3.60 
1.44 
4.32 

9 

2.52 
5.04 
2.88 
5.76 
7.92 
7.92 
5.04 
5.76 
? 



Feet. 

4,000 

5,400 

7,750 

8,300 

9,350 

10,750 

11,050 

11,800 

13,500 

14,850 

16,250 

17,250 

18,100 

18,400 

18,800 

21,800 

30,900 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 
Surface length underlaid by Buck Mountain bed . 
Average thickness of coal per foot of surface ... 



Feet. 

8,640 
17,496 
16,740 
20,916 
33,660 
15,480 
47,736 

34,020 

74,844 

46,800 

99,360 

143,352 

145,728 

94,752 

125,568 



925,092 

17,000 

54.41 



103 



Beference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
S. C. F., mine sheets 7, 10, 11, and l4a. 
S. C. F., cross- section sheets 5, 6, 7 and, 8. 
S. C. F., columnar section sheets 5 and 9. 

Cross-Section No. 17. 



Name of Bed. 



Salem 

Sandrock . . . 
Lewis ... 

Yard 

Little Tracy . . 

Tracy 

Little Clinton . 
Clinton .... 
Little Diamond 
Diamond . . . 
Little Orchard . 
Orchard . . . 
Primrose . . . 
Holmes .... 
Seven Foot . . 



Average ' Aver, tliick- 
thickness ness of coal, 
of bed. 72 per cent. 



Mammoth Middle split \ 
Mammoth Bottom split j 

Skidmore 

Buck Mountain 

Lykens Valley ...... 

Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness , 
Surface length underlaid by Buck Mountain bed . . 
Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . . . 



Feet. 
3.0 
3.0 
5.5 
3.0 
3.0 
4.5 
2.0 
3.0 
2.5 
7.0 
3.0 
6.0 
8.0 
4.5 

10.0 

18.0 

4.5 
6.0 
? 



Feet. 

2.16 
2.16 
3.96 
2.16 
2.16 
3.24 
1.44 
2.16 
1.80 
5.04 
2.16 
4.32 
5.76 
3.24 
7.20 

12.96 

3.24 
4.32 

9 



Length 
of bed. 



Feet. 

2,100 

5,200 

8,300 

10,500 

11,850 

12,900 

8,200 

9,000 

17,550 

18,050 

18,750 

18,800 

20,000 

21,000 

22,150 

24,400 

27,700 
28,600 
34,000 



Length of bed . 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 

Feet. 

4,536 
11,232 

32,868 
22,680 
25,596 
41,796 
11,808 
19,440 
31,590 
90,972 
40,500 
81,216 

115,200 
68,040 

159,480 

316.224 

89,748 
123,552 



1,286,478 

21,800 

59.01 



Remarks. 



All the above beds have been opened along or in the 
neighborhood of this section. 



()4 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

S. C. F., mine sheets 7, 11, and 14. 

S. C. F., cross-section sheets 9, 10, 11, and 12. 

S. C. F., columnar section sheets 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11. 

Cross-Section No. IS. 



Xarne of Bed. 



Average 

thickness 

of bed. 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
72 per cent. 



Length 
of bed. 



Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Feet. Feet. 

Brewery 2.5 1.80 

Salem .' 6.0 4.32 

Faust 4.0 2.88 

Tunnel 5.0 3.60 

Peach Mountain .... 6.0 4.32 

Yard 5.0 3.60 

Little Tracv 3.0 2.16 

Tracy . . .' 4.5 3.24 

Little Diamond 2.5 1.80 

Diamond 6.0 4.32 

Little Orchard 3.0 2.16 

Orchard 5.0 3.60 

Primrose • . 7.0 5.04 

Holmes 4.0 2.88 

Seven Foot 10.0 7.20 

Mammoth 18.0 12.96 

Skidmore 4.0 2.88 

Buck Mountain 4.0 2.88 

Lykens Valley ? ? 

Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 

Surface underlaid by Buck Mountain bed 

Average thickness of coal per foot of surface . . . 



Feet. 


Feet. 


1,540 


2,772 


6,700 


28,944 


9,000 


25,920 


13,400 


48,240 


16,900 


73,008 


18,900 


68,040 


19,300 


41,688 


19,800 


64,152 


18,700 


33,660 


18,950 


81,864 


20,350 


43,956 


20,500 


73,800 


21,750 


109.620 


24,000 


69,120 


25,250 


181,800 


26,700 


346,032 


27.700 


79,776 


29,000 


83,520 


41.200 





1,455,912 

22,300 

65.29 



105 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

S. C. F., mine sheets 7, 8, 11, and 14. 

S. C. F., cross-section sheets 9, 10, 11, and 12. 

S. C. F., columnar section sheets 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11. 

Cross- Section No. 19. 



Name of Bed. 



Average" Aver, t hick- 
thickness ■ ness of coal, 
of bed. 72 per cent. 



T^,^„fv, Length of bed. 
ofTed Colli foot 



Feet. Feet. Feet. 

Salem 3.0 2.18 7,900 

Rabbit Hole 2.5 1.80 9,800 

Tunnel 5.0 3.60 15,300 

Peach Mountain ..... 7.0 5.04 17,900 

Little Tracv 3.0 2.16 20,000 

Tracy ..." 4.5 3.24 ; 21,100 

Little Diamond 3.0 2.16 21,900 

Diamond 7-0 5.04 22,200 

Little Orchard 2.5 1.80 i 22,500 

Orchard 6.0 4.32 ! 22,800 

Primrose 10.0 7.20 23,000 

Holmes 6.0 4.32 j 25,300 

Mammoth Top split . . . 10.0 7.20 | 27,000 

Mammoth Middle split . 4.0 2.88 27,500 

Mammoth Bottom split . 12.0 8.64 | 30,100 

Skidmore 6.0 4.32 \ 31,900 

Buck Mountain 4.0 ' 2.88 J 33,940 

Upper Lvkens Vallev . . ? ? i . . . . 

Lower Lykens Valley . . ? i ? i 41,400 

Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness . . . 

Surface length underlaid^by Buck Mountain bed 

Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 



Feet. 

17,064 

17,640 

55,080 

90,216 

43,200 

68,364 

47,304 

111,888 

40,500 

98,496 

165,600 

109,296 

194,400 

79,200 

260,064 

137,808 

97,747 



1 1,633,867 
I 24,800 



65.88 



106 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

S. C. F., mine sheets 8, 12, and 15. 

S. G. F., cross-section sheets 9, 10, 11, and 12. 

S. G. F., columnar section sheets 6, 9, and 10. 

Ceoss-Section No. 20. 



Name of Bed. 



Average 

thickness 
of bed. 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
72 per cent. 



I Feet. Feet. Feet. 

Salem I 3.0 2.16 6,700 

Tunnel I 4.0 2.88 12,300 

Peach Mountain or Black ! 

Mine ' 5.0 3.60 14,900 

Little Tracy • . | 3.0 2.16 16,400 

Tracv ; 4.5 3.24 16,800 

Little Diamond | 2.5 ; 1.80 18.100 

Diamond { 7.0 ' 5.04 19.900 

Little Orchard { 2.5 1.80 21,000 

Orchard j 4.0 2.88 21,600 

Primrose 10.0 7.20 22.080 

Holmes 8.0 5.76 24,200 

Mammoth Top split . . . 11.0 7.92 25.730 

Mammoth Middle split . 4.0 2.88 27,100 

Mammoth Bottom split . 8.0 5.76 30,800 

Skid more 6.0 4.32 I 32,300 

Buck -Mountain 4.0 2.88 36,000 

Lykens Valley beds ... 4.0 2.88 42,300 

Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness . . . , 

Surface length underlaid by Buck Mountain bed 

Average thickness of coal per foot of Buck Mountain surface 

Surface length underlaid by Lykens Valley bed 

Average thickness of coal per foot Lykens Valley surface 




Feet. 

14,472 

35,424 

53,640 
35,424 

54,432 

32,580 

100,296 

37.800 

62,208 

158.976 

139,392 

203,782 

78,048 

177.408 

139,536 

103,680 

121,824 



1,548,922 

26,900 

57.54 



33,250 
46.58 



107 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

S. C. F.J mine sheets 8a, 12, 13, and 15. 

S. C. F., cross-section sheets 13, 14, 15, and 16. 

S. C. F., columnar section sheets 8, 9, and 10. 

Cross-Section No. 21. 



Name of Bed. 


Average 

thickness 

of bed. 


Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
72 per cent. 


Length 
of bed. 


Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 


Salem 


Feet. 
2.5 
4.0 
5.0 
4.0 
4.0 
2.5 
5.0 
2.5 
4.0 

10.0 
8.0 
50 


Feet. 
1.80 

2.88 
3.60 
2.88 
2.88 
1.80 
3.60 
1.80 
2.88 
7.20 
5.76 


Feet. 
6,300 
9,800 
16,700 
18,100 
17,800 
17,900 
18,500 
19,000 
19,500 
20,100 
22,800 
21,600 
24,700 
25,000 
25,900 
34,600 
42,000 


Feet. 
11,340 


Tunnel 

Peach Mountain .... 

Little Tracy 

Tracy 

Little Diamond 

Diamond 

Little Orchard 

Orchard 

Primrose 

Black Heath 

Rough . . 


28,224 

60,120 

52,128 

51,264 

32,220 

66,600 

34,200 

56,160 

144,720 

131,328 

77,760' 

177,840 

180,000 

55,944 

149,472 

241,920 


Mammoth Top split . . . 
Mammoth Bottom split . 

Skidmore 

Buck Mountain 

Lykens Valley beds . . . 


10.0 7.20 

10.0 ! 7.20 

3.0 ! 2.16 

6.0 i 4.32 

8.0 5.76 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness .... 
Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lvkens 

Valley) \ . . 

Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 



1,551,240 

32,600 
47.58 



108 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

S. C. F., mine sheets 8a, 13, and 16. 

S. C. F., cross-section sheets 13, 14, and 15. 

S. C. F., columnar section sheets 10 and 11. 

Cross-Section No. 22. 



Name of Bed. 



Average I Aver, thick - 
thickness ness of coal, 
of bed. 72 per cent. 



Feet. 

Salem i 2.5 

Tunnel I 4.0 

Peach Mountain j 6.0 

Little Tracy .... . | 4.0 

Tracy j 4.0 

Little Diamond ..... | 2.5 

Diamond 5.0 

Orchard 4.0 

Primrose •. . 8.0 

Black Heath 8.0 

Mammoth Top and Bottom 16.0 

Skidmore 3.0 

Buck Mountain' 9.0 

Lykens Valley No. 1 . . . 2.0 

Lykens A^alley No. 2 . . . 2.0 

Lvkens Valley No. 3 . . . 2.0 

Lykens Valley No. 4 . . . j 2.0 

LykensValleyNos. 5and6, ! 3.0 



Length 
of bed. 



I 

jLengthofbed. 

' Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Feet. 
1.80 

2.88 
4.32 
2.88 
2.88 
1.80 
3.60 
2.88 
5.76 
5.76 
11.52 
2.16 
6.48 
1.44 
1.44 
1.44 
1.44 
2.16 



Feet. 
4,600 

8,000 
10,400 
13,800 
15,300 

8,100 
17,500 
17,700 
17,900 
18,200 
20,000 
19,700 
23,300 
24,900 
30,200 
30,800 
31,800 
32,500 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness .... 
Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lykens 

Valley) ^ ' . . . 

Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 



Feet. 

8,280 

23,040 

44,928 

39,744 

44,064 

14,580 

63,000 

50,976 

103,104 

104,832 

230,400 

42,552 

150,984 

35,856 

43,488 

44,352 

45,792 

70,200 

1,160,172 

24.000 
48.34 



109 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

S. C. F., mine sheets Sa, 13, and 16. 

S. C. F., cross-section sheets 16, 17, and 18. 

S. C. F., columnar section sheets 10 and 11. 

Ckoss-Section No. 23. 



Name of Bed. 



Average 

thickness 

of bed. 



Feet. Feet. Feet. 

Salem 2.5 1.80 2,400 

Tunnel 3.0 2.16 3,200 

Peach Mountain 6.0 4.32 9,000 

Little Tracy 4.0 2.88 i 11,800 

Tracy 4.0 2.88 i 14,000 

Little Diamond 2.5 1.80 16,000 

Diamond 5.0 3.60 18,700 

Orchard 4.0 2.88 18,100 

Primrose 8.0 5.76 18,200 

Black Heath I 8.0 5.76 18,400 

Four Foot ; 4.0 2.88 18,900 

Mammoth Top and Bot- j 

tom splits 18.0 12.96 19,300 

Skidmore 4.0 2.88 ! 19,600 

Buck Mountain .... 8.0 5.76 I 20,000 

Lvkens Valley No. 1 . . . 2.5 1.80 I 20,400 

Lykens Valley No. 2 . . . 3.0 2.16 i 23,900 

Lykens Valley No. 3 . . . 2.5 1.80 i 24,600 

Lvkens Valley No. 4 . . .1 2.5 1 .80 I 26,700 

Lykens Valley No. 5 . . . ! 3.0 2.16 I 28,100 

Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness . . . . 

Surface length underlaid by lowe.st workable bed (Lykens 

Valley) 

Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
72 per cent. 



Length 
of bed. 



Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Feet. 

4,320 

6,912 

38,880 

33,984 

40,320 

28,800 

67,320 

52,128 

104,832 

105,984 

54,432 

250,128 
56,448 

115.200 
36,720 
51,624 
44,280 
48,060 
60,696 

1,201,068 

18.900 
63.55 



110 



Reference : 



Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

S. C. F., mine sheets 17 and 21. 

S. C. F., cross section sheets 16, 17, and 18. 

S. C. F., columnar section sheets 7, 10, and 11. 

Cross-Section No. 24. 



Name of Bed. 



Average 

thickness 

of bed. 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
72 per cent. 



Length 
of bed. 



Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Feet. i Feet. Feet. 

Little Diamond 6 | 4.32 1,350 

Diamond ........ 4 2.88 2,300 

Little Orchard 4 2.88 3,950 

Orchard 6 i 4.32 9,500 

Primrose 8 i 5.76 11,500 

Black Heath 8 5.76 12,800 

Four Foot 4 2.88 6,720 

Mammoth Top and Bot- 
tom splits IS 12.96 16,300 

Skidmore 4 2.88 ! 17,200 

Buck Mountain 4 ; 2.88 18,200 

Lykens Valley No. 1 . . . 4 2.88 20,600 

Lykens Valley No. 2 . . . 4 2.88 i 23,600 

Lykens Valley No. 3 . . . 3 2.16 J 13,900 

Lykens A^alley No. 4 . . . 2 i 1.44 ! 25,800 

LykensValley Nos. 5 and 6, 3 \ 2.16 27,600 

Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness .... 

Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lykens 

Valley) 

Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 



Feet. 
5,832 
6,624 
11,376 
41,040 
66,240 
73,728 
19,354 

211,248 
49,536 
52,416 
59,328 
67,968 
30,024 
37,152 
59,616 



791,482 

19,350 
40.90 



Ill 



Reference :- 



Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

S. C. F., mine sheet 17. 

S. C. F., cross-section sheet 19. 

S. C. F., columnar section sheets 10 and 11. 

Cross-Section No. 25. 



Name of Bed. 



Coal 

Coal 

Coal 

Orchard 

Primrose 

Black Heath 

Four Foot . 

Mammoth Top split . . . 
Mammoth Bottom split - 

Skidmore 

Buck Mountain 

Lykens Valley No. 1 . . . 
LykensValley Nos. 2 and 3, 
Lykens Valley No. 4 . . . 
Lykens ValleyNos. 5 and 6, 



Average 

thickness 

of bed. 



Feet. 
6.0 
4.0 
3.0 
6.0 
7.0 
8.0 
4.0 

10.0 
5.0 
5.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
2.5 
3.0 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
72 per cent 




Feet. 
4.32 
2.88 
2.16 
4.32 
5.04 
5.76 
2.88 
7.20 
3.60 
3.60 
2.16 
2.16 
2.16 
1.80 
2.16 



Feet. 
1,200 
2,100 
3,400 
4,400 
6,200 
7,100 
8,100 
8,200 
8,300 
8,600 
9,100 
9,900 
11,000 
11,600 
12,000 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness .... 
Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lykens 

Valley) _ 

Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 



Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Feet. 
5,184 
6,048 
7,344 
19,008 
31,248 
40,896 
23,328 
59,040 
29,880 
30,960 
19,656 
21,384 
23,760 
20,880 
25,920 



364,536 

9,000 
40.50 



112 



Reference 



Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

S. C. F., mine sheet 18. 

S. C. F., cross-section sheet 19. 

S. C. F., columnar section sheets 10 and 11, 

Cross-Section No. 26. 



\ 



Name of Bed. 



Averaze Aver, thick- 
thickness ! nessof coal, 
of bed. ] 72 per cent. 



Feet. 

Diamond 8.0 

Little Orchard 2.5 

Orchard 6.0 

Primrose 6.0 

Holmes 8.0 

Four Foot 4.0 

Mammoth Top split ... 4.0 

Mammoth Bottom split . 6.0 

Skidmore 2.0 

Buck Mountain 6.0 

Lvkens Valley No. 1 . . . 2.0 

Lvkens Valley Nos. 2 and 3,| 4.0 

Lykens Valley No.4 . . . 3.0 

Ly kens Valley Nos. 5 and 6,1 10.0 



Feet. 
5.76 
1.80 
4.32 
4.32 
5.76 
2.88 
2.88 
4.32 
].44 
4.32 
1.44 
2.88 
2.16 
7.20 



Length 
of bed. 



Feet. 

700 

1,500 

2,000 

2,400 

2,600 

3,200 

3,300 

3,400 

3,700 

5,600 

7,800 

11,000 

11,700 

11,800 



iLengthofbed. 

i Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness .... 
Surface underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lykens Valley) 
Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 



Feet. 

4,032 

2,700 

8.640 

10,368 

14,976 

9,216 

9,504 

14.688 

5,328 

24,192 

11,232 

31,680 

25,272 

84,960 

256,788 
8,800 
29.18 



113 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
S. C, F., mine sheet 19. 
S, C, F., cross-section sheet 20. 
S. C. F., columnar section sheet 7. 
Cross- Section No. 27. 



Name of Bed. 


Average 

thickness 

of bed. 


Aver, thicV- 
ness of coal, 
72 per cent. 


Length 
of bed. 


Lengthof bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 


Orchard 

Primrose 

Holmes 

Mammoth 

Skidmore 

Buck Mountain 

Lv kens Valley N(;s, 2 and 3, 
AVhites 


Ftet. 

2.5 
4.0 
6.0 
8.0 
3.5 
2.5 
2.5 
3.5 
10.0 
3.0 
2.5 


Feet. 
1.80 
2.88 
4.32 
5.76 
2,52 
1.80 
1.80 
2,52 
7.20 
2.16 
1.80 


Feet. 
2,700 
3,600 
3,800 
4,300 
5,200 
5,500 
9,000 
9,500 
9,700 
9,800 
3,000 


Feet, 

4,860 
10,368 
16,416 
24,768 
13,104 

9,900 
16,200 
23,940 


Lykens Valley No. 5 . . . 

Little 

Zero 


69,840 

21,168 

5,400 






Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 

Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed .... 
Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 


215,964 
7,300 
29.59 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
S. C, F,, mine sheet 20. 
S. C, F., cross-section sheet 20. 
S, C, F,, columnar section sheet 7. 
Cross-Section No. 28. 



Name of Bed. 


Average 

thickness 

of bed. 


Orchard , , 

Primrose 

Holmes 


Feet, 
4.0 1 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
2.5 
3.5 
9.0 
3.0 


Mammoth 

Skidmore 

LykensValley Nos. 2and 3, 
Whites 


Lvkens Vi 

Little . . 


lleyNo,5 . . . 



Aver, thick- 
ness of coal, 
72 per cent. 



Length 
of bed. 



Length of bed. 

Coal 1 foot 

thick. 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness 
Surface underlaid by lowest workable bed 
Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 



Feet. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


2.88 ! 


500 


1,440 


2.16 


1,000 


2,160 


2.16 


1,500 


3,210 


2.16 


2,500 


5,400 


2.16 


2,900 


6,264 


1.80 


7,100 


12,780 


2 52 


7,300 


18,396 


6.48 


7,-100 


47.952 


2.16 


7,500 


16,200 


I thickness 
I 




113,832 
5,250 


ice ... . 


.... 


21.68 



114 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

S. C. F., mine sheet 22. 

S. C. F., cross-section sheet 21. 

S. C. F., columnar section sheet 11. 

Cross-Section No. 29. 



Name of Bed. 



Average * Aver, thick- 
thickness ness of coal, ] 
of bed. 72 per cent. ; 



Length 
of bed. 



[Length of bed. 
I Coal 1 foot 
I thick. 



Primrose 

Holmes 

Mammoth 

Skidmore 

Buck Mountain . . . 
Lvkens Valley beds . 



Feet. 

4 

4 
10 

3 

4 
15 



Feet. 
2.88 
2.88 
7.20 
2.16 
2.88 

10.80 



Feet. 
2,800 
3,300 
4,300 
4,800 
5,200 
8,300 



Total coal reduced to units of one foot in thickness .... 
Surface length underlaid by lowest workable bed (Lvkens 

Valley) '. . . 

Average thickness of coal per foot of surface 



Feet. 
8,064 
9,504 
30,960 
10,368 
14,976 
89,640 

163,512 

4,650 
35.16 



Remarks. 



The identity of the beds on the two sides of the Schuyl- 
kill and Dauphin basin is very uncertain, nor is it certain 
that any of the beds here have been correctly identified 
with those to the east at section 24, excepting the Lykens 
Valley beds Nos. 4, 5, and 6, which have been worked west 
from Lincoln and Kalmia collieries to this section line; 
therefore the estimate of the number and thickness of the 
coal-beds along this section line is an approximate one. 



115 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
S. C. F., mine sheet 1. 
S. C. F., columnar section sheet 1. 
S. C. F., cross-section sheet 1 . 

Area No. 38. 
On Mine Sheet No. 1. 

(Copied from Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, Eeport of Progress AA, 

page 138.) 



Name of Bed. 



G or Upper Red Ash 
F or Red Ash . . . 

Five-Foot 

E or Top split . 
Middle Mammoth 
T> or Bottom split 

C 

B . 

A 

Lykens Valley . 



:] 



Average 

thickness 

of bed. 

Feet. 

5.0 
13.0 

4.5 

29.0 

4.5 

15.0 

3.0 



Average [ Surface 

thickness ! area in 

of coal. acres. 



Feet. 
2.5 
9.0 
3.0 

23.0 

3.0 

10.0 

1.0 



59 
314 
404 

495 

638 
781 
781 



Bed area 
in acres. 



103 
549 
706 

863 

1,113 
1,362 
1,362 



Probable original contents of area No. 1 



Px'obable origi- 
nal contents 
in tons. 



510,982 
9,762,385 
4,182,931 

39,189,964 

6,591,266 

26,902,857 

2,690,262 



89,830,647 



The Lykens Valley beds are not considered in this table, 
as nothing is certainly known of their extent or thickness. 



116 



Beference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

S. C. F., mine sheet 2. . 

S. C. F., cross-section sheet 2. 

S. C. F., columnar section sheet 2. 

Area No. 39. 
On Mine Sheet No. 2. 



(Copied from Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, Eeport of Progress AA, 

page 139.) 



Name of Bed. 


Average 
thickness 
of bed. 


1 ! 
Average 1 Surface ^.p^ „^„^ 
thickness area in ■,l\llll 
of coal. : acres. , ^^ a^^^es. 

I ; 


Probable origl- 

inal contents 

in tons. 


Second Twin 

First Twin 

Jock 

Washington 

G or Upper Ked Ash . 

For Red Ash 

Five-Foot 


Feet. 

? 
o 

• 

7 
3 
6 
9 


Feet. 
? 

3 

1 

3 

5 


84 

322 

703 

1,083 

1,544 

2,288 


132 
502 
1,096 
1,689 
2,408 
3,511 


6,495,400 

3,335,499 

14,267,400 

35,243,776 


E or Top split . . ] 
Middle Mammoth . \ 
D or Bottom split . ) 

C 

B 


55 

5 

8 
5 


27 

3 
2 
2 


2,817 

3,070 
3,322 
3,322 


4,406 

4,801 
5,196 
5,196 


234,933,419 

28,443,556 
20,522,343 
10.262,100 


A 


Probable original con 


ents of 8 


rea No. 5 


> 




353,503,493 



Thicknesses of coal-beds above the Jock bed unknown. 



iJ7 

Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 

S. C. F., mine sheet 3. 

S. C. F., cross-section sbeet 3. 

S. C. F., columnar section sheet 3. 

Area No. 40. 

On Mine Sheet No 3.. 

(Co])ied from Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, Report of Progress AA, 

page 140.) 



Name of Bed. 


Average 

thickness 

of bed. 


Average 

thickness 

of coal. 


Surface 
area in 
acres. 


Bed area 
in acres. 


Probable orig- 
inal contents 
ill tons. 


Third Upper Red Ash 


Feet. 


Feet. 


15 

39 

189 

339 

792 

1,245 

1,796 

2,347 

3,039 


23 
62 

299 
537 
1,251 
1,967 
2,839 
3,707 
4,803 




Second Upper Red A&^h, 
First Upper Red Ash . 














Second Twin 








First Twin 








Jock 

Washington 

G or Upper Red Ash . 

F or Red Ash 

Five-Foot 


7 

3 

5 

12 


3 
1 
3 
9 


11,658,090 

5,604,832 

21,969,781 

85,373,325 


E or Top split ... 1 
Middle Mammoth . . |- 
D or Bottom split. . j 

C 

B 


43 

11 
6 


27 

8 
2 

4 


3,532 

3,729 
3,926 
3,926 


5,391 

5,901 
6,210 
6,210 


298,246,725 

93,221,738 
24,529,500 
49,059,000 


A . 




Probable original conten 


ts of are 


a No. 3 . 




.... 


589,662,991 



Thicknesses of coal-beds above the Jock bed unknown. 



Reference : — 

Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
S. C. F., mine sheet 20. 

Area No. 57. 
From Cross-Section No. 28 to End of Wiconisco Basin. 



Name of Bed. 


! Average 

thickness 

of bed. 


Average 
thickness 
of coal 77 
per cent. 


Surface 

area in 

acres. 


Bed area 
in acres. 


Probable orig- 
inal contents 
in tons. 


MammiOth .... 

Skid more 

Lvkens Vallev (2 and 3), 

Whites (4) 

Lvkens Valley (5) . . . 
Little (6) 


Feet. 
3.0 
? 
2.5 
3.5 
9.0 
3.0 


Feet. 

2.16 

? 

1.80 
2.52 
6.48 
2.16 


104.9 
? 
1,028.5 
1 064.3 
1,101.9 
1,144.5 


131.1 

o 

1,285.6 
1,330.3 
1,377.4 
1 ,430.4 


514.814 

' 

'4,206,997 

6,094,583 

16,226,053 

5,617,009 


Probable total original contents of area N 


">. 57 - - - 


32.660,056 







118 



Reference : — 

S. C. F., mine sheets 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27. 
S. C. F., columnar section sheet 8. 
S. C. F., cross-section sheet 21. 

Area No. 59. 

Schuylkill and Dauphin Basin. 

(Between section 29 and the west end of the basin.) 

The Schuylkill and Dauphin basin extends west of sec- 
tion 29, as a long, narrow, deep trough, some 23 miles, end- 
ing about one mile east of the Susquehanna River, and just 
north of the village of Dauphin, having for its southern 
barrier the crest of Sharp Mountain, and for its northern 
that of Fourth Mountain. The width of the basin at section 
29 is about one mile, tapering to a point at the western end. 

With the exception of a few trial shaftings no work has 
been done in this area since 1860. Previous to this some 
2 or 3 collieries had been opened and some shipments of 
coal made. 

The report of the first Geological Survey, speaking of this 
basin, says: "The Dauphin coal basin is now (1868) entirely 
deserted by coal miners. For several years little or no coal 
has been shipped from it. So unreliable do the seams prove 
and so great is the outlay required that, recollecting that 
former experiments have failed, no disposition is manifested 
at present to develop its resources." 

Owing to the irregularity of the beds, which is plainly 
shown by the maps of the collieries which were opened, the 
comparatively small extent of the developments made, and 
the meagre and somewhat uncertain knowledge we have of 
them, any estimate of the amount of coal in the area must 
necessarily be a very general one. 

The second Geological Survey made a very thorough ex- 
amination of this basin, and while connected with that work I 



119 

became acquainted with the surface exposures and with the 
few maps and the old data relating to this basin. 

The surface underlaid by coal is 8,170. acres. 

Owing to the very steep dips on both sides of the basin 
the bed acreage is perhaps one and one-half times the sur- 
face acreage, or 12,255.2 acres. 

The probable average thickness of coal at section 29 is 
estimated to be 35.16 feet. From the section westward the 
basin slowly diminishes in width and in depth, the coal 
beds gradually spooning out until the lowest bed comes to- 
day near Dauphin. Were we to use 15 feet as a rough ap- 
proximation of the average thickness of workable coal for 
this area its contents would be 334,199,304 tons. 

Estimated original contents of area No. 59, 334,199,304 
tons. 



Table D which follows shows the estimate of contents for 
the whole field. 

The explanation of Table A, Northern field, page 75, 
applies equally well here, excepting as to specific gravity. 

The only determinations of specific gravity that we have 
by McCreath in this field are in the Panther Creek basin, 
east of Tamaqua, which there give as an average 1.6307, 
and Mr. Ashburner used this in his estimate. (Areas 38, 
39, and 40.) 

Determinations by others would show that to the west the 
coals are less dense, and those of the Lykens Valley group 
decidedly so. 

I am indebted to Mr. J. R. Hoffman, of the Philadelphia 
and Heading Coal and Iron Company, for a number of spe- 
cific gravity determinations of coals from the western part of 
the field. The average of the Lykens Valley coals is 1.44. I 
have thought best to use, as in the Western Middle field, 
1.614 or 1960 tons per foot acre for areas 41 to 49 inclusive, 
and 1.50 or 1818 tons per foot acre for the balance of the 
field (areas 50 to 59 inclusive). Tlie Lykens Valley group 
first attains prominence in the neighborhood of area 50. 



120 



Table D. 

Estimate of Total Original Contents Southern Coal-Field. 



1. 


1 


2. 


3. 




4. 




5. 


6. 












Probable 


Surface Area Acres 




Area 
No. 


Between 


Probable aver- 


average 






Probable origi- 


cross-sec- 
tions. 


age thickness of thickness of 

coal at cross- coal for 

sections. areas. 


Buck 1 Lowest 

Mountain workable 

bed. 1 bed. 


nal contents in 
tons. 








Feet. 




Feet. ! 








*38 


(M 


.S. I.) 




. 


. . . . ' 




781.0 


89,830,647 


*39 


(M 


.S. II.) 


. . . . 




.... 




1 3,322.0 


353,503,493 


*40 


(M 


.S. III.) 






1 




' 3,926.0 


589,662,991 


41 


{ 


12 
33 


73.39 
47.23 


} 


60.31 1 


tl,773.1 


2,115.4 


209,593,895 


42 


{ 


13 
14 


47.23 
40.43 


} 


43.83 


tl,637.5 


2,099.1 


140,672,385 


43 . 


{ 


14 
15 


40.43 
48.45 


1 


44.44 


15,317.3 


j 7,570.7 


463,149,591 


44 . 


1 


15 
16 


48.45 
54.41 


\ 


51.43 


t4,864.7 


' 8,755.1 


490,375,381 


45 . 


.{ 


]6 
]7 


54.41 
59.01 


\ 


56.71 


16,285.1 


8,597.7 


698,598,921 


46 . 


1 1 
h 


17 
18 


59.01 
65.29 


I 


62.15 


14,025.7 


! 5,688.7 


490,386,619 


47 . 


:{ 


]8 
19 


65.29 

65.88 


\ 


65.59 


16,901.9 


10,467.6 


887,283,417 


48 . 


'i 


19 
20 


65.88 
t57.54 


1 


61.71 


t5,287.1 


6,993.3 


639,483,204 


49 


{ 


20 
21 


46.58 
47.58 


\ 
1 


47.08 




10,802.7 


996,838,587 


50 


{ 


21 
22 


47.58 
48.34 




47.96 






7,396.9 


695,320,435 


51 


1 


92 

23 


48.34 
63.55 


] 


55 95 






4,420.8 


449,670,956 


52 


1 


23 
24 


63.55 
40.90 


I 


52.23 






6,173.0 


586,151,906 


53 


1 


24 
25 


40.90 
40.50 


1 


40.70 


. . 




2,536.0 


187,645,234 


54 


i 


25 
26 


40.50 
29.18 


I 


34.84 

1 






2,996.2 


189,776,671 


55 


26 
27 


29.18 
29.59 


1 


29.39 






3,542.8 


189,295,418 


56 


k 


27 

28 


29.59 
21.68 


1 


25.64 






3,546.4 


165,310,187 


57 




28 


. . . . 










! 1,144.5 
4,614.3 


32,660,056 
319,025,965 


58 


,{ 


24 

29 


40.90 
35.16 


r 


38.03 






59 


1 


29 












8,170.1 


334,199,304 












Totals 


i 




1 








115,946.2 


9,198,435,263 















* Areas 38, 39, 40, and 57, the contents of each bed has been estimated separately, given 
in detail on pages 115, 116 and 117. 

t Areas 41 to 43, the estimate of contents is based on the surface area of the Buck 
Mountain bed. 

Total surface area lowest workable coal-bed, 115,946.2 
acres, or 181.16 square miles. 

Estimated total original contents Southern coal-field, 
9,198,435,263 tons. 



121 

Recapitulation. 
Estimated total original contents and area of Pennsyl- 
vania anthracite coal-fields. 

Totals hy Fields. 





Area lowest workable 

coal-bed, square 

miles. 


Probable original contents in tons. 


Northern 

Eastern Middle . . . 
Western Middle . . 
Southern 


176.29, say 176 
32.72, '• 33 
94.04, '' 94 

181.16, '^ 181 


5,697,380,784, say 5,700,000,000 

602,491,447, " 600,000,000 

4,009,564,831, " 4,000,000,000 

9,198,435,263, " 9,200,000,000 


Totals 


484.21, say 484 


19,507,872,325, say 19,500,000,000 



Estimated total area lowest workable coal-bed, 484 square 
miles. 

Estimated total original contents Pennsylvania anthra- 
cite coal-fields, 19,500,000,000 tons. 

The trade has made the following divisions of the an- 
thracite fields, viz. : — 

1. Wyoming region . . . Northern field and Bernice basin. 

2. Lehigh region Eastern Middle field and Southern field east 

of Tamaqua. 

3. Schuylkill region . . . Western Middle field and Southern field west 

of Tamaqua. 

Totals by Regions. 





Area lowest workable 

coal-bed, square 

miles. 


Probable original contents in tons. 


Wyoming 

Lehigh 

Schuylkill 


176.29, say 176 

45.25 " 45 

262.67 " 263 


5,697,380,784, say 5,700,000,000 

1,635,488,578, '' 1,600.000,000 

12,175,002,963, '' 12,200,000,000 


Totals 

• 


484.21, say 484 


19,507,872,325, say 19,500,000,000 



Estimated total area lowest workable coal-bed, 484 square 
miles. 

Estimated total original contents Pennsylvania anthra- 
cite coal regions, 19,500,000,000 tons. 






122 



A COLLECTIOX OF DATA SHOWING THE PER 
CENT. OF COAL i\CTUALLY WON AT SOME 
OF THE COLLIERIES THROUGHOUT THE AN- 
THRACITE REGION. 

In order to obtain some base for an estimate of the 
amount of coal which has been exhausted by mining, the 
Commission authorized the collection of the available data, 
showing the per cent, of coal which had been won, from 
worked out areas, at different collieries throughout the 
region. In this connection I wish to acknowledge my in- 
debtedness for the data following to : — 

AV. A. May, General Superintendent Hillside Coal and 
Iron Company. 

M. Barnard, of the Hillside Coal and Iron Company. 

E. H. Lawall, General Superintendent Lehigh and Wilkes- 
Barre Coal Company. 

William J. Richards, Chief Engineer Lehigh and Wilkes- 
Barre Coal Company. 

J. H. Bowden, Chief Engineer Susquehanna Coal Com- 
pany. 

John R. Law, Mining Engineer Pennsylvania Coal Com- 
pany. 

H. H. Ashley, Superintendent Parrish Coal Company. 

C. R. Marcy, Superintendent Raub Coal Company. 

C. H. Reynolds, Superintendent Chauncy Coal Company. 

H. S. Thompson, Engineer Girard Estate. 

Executors of the Estate of P. W. Sheafer. 

A. W. Sheafer, E. M. 

R. C. Luther, General Superintendent Philadelphia and 
Reading Coal and Iron Company. 

J. R. Hoffman, Division Engineer Philadelphia and 
Reading Coal and Iron Company. 

G. S. Clemens, Division Engineer Philadelphia and Read- 
ing Coal and Iron Company. 



123 



N. C. F. (1.) 

Keystone Colliery. 
Hillside Goal and Iron Company, Operators. 

Mining operations from 1882 to 1890 : — 

Area worked, 119.6 acres. 

Archbald bed, average thickness 7.6 feet, average thick- 
ness of coal (20 sections), 7.116 feet. 

Surface of little or no value, 100+ feet of cover over bed. 

Pillars yet to be robbed and gob to be worked over. 

Production, 769,383 tons, including all sizes except culm. 

Average yield per foot acre, 904 tons, or 48 per cent. 

Specific gravity taken at 1.55. 

Coal actually won from this area, including buckwheat, 
48 per cent. 

Mr. May, the superintendent of this company, says they 
usually count on winning 1000 tons to the foot acre in this 
neighborhood. Should the pillars and gob bring the yield 
to this, and it seems quite probable that they will equal or 
even exceed it, the area mined would then show a yield of 
53.2 per cent. 

Estimate of coal w^on, including what can probably be 
got from pillars and gob, 53.2 per cent. 

N. C. F. (2.) 

Nottingham Colliery. 
Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company, Operators. 

Area worked, 522.5 acres. 

Red ash bed, about 22 feet thick, with 13 feet of coal. 

Surface valuable ; workings 200 to 400 feet below surface. 

Dip, 15 to 20 degrees. 

Worked out, pillars robbed. 

Coal won per foot acre, exclusive of buckwheat, 709.1 tons, 
or 37.7 per cent. 

Coal won per foot acre, estimating buckwheat at 10 per 
cent., 780 tons, or 41.5 per cent. 

Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat, 41.5 per cent. 



124 

N. C. F. (3.) 

Nottingham Colliery. 
Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company, Operators. 

Area worked, 138.1 acres. 

Ross bed, 7 feet thick, with 6 feet of coal. 

Workings near the outcrop, and it was not necessary to 
keep the surface up. 

Dip, 15 to 25 degrees. 

Worked out and pillars robbed. 

Coal won per foot acre, exclusive of buckwheat, 919 tons, 
or 48.9 per cent, 

Coal won per foot acre, adding 10 per cent, for buck- 
wheat, 1000 tons, or 53.2 per cent. 

Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat, 53.2 per cent. 

N. C. F. (4.) 

HiLLMAN Bed, in yicixity of Wilkes-Barre. 

Area worked, 7.25 acres. 

Hill man bed, 7 to 8 feet thick, with 6 feet of coal. 

Surface kept up. Worked out, pillars robbed. 

Coal won per foot acre, exclusive of buckwheat, 800 tons, 
or 42.5 per cent. 

Coal won per foot acre, adding 10 per cent, for buck- 
wdieat, 880 tons, or 46.8 per cent. 

Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat, 46.8 per cent. 

N. C. F. (5.) 

Laxce Colliery^ 
Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company, Operators. 

Area developed, 88 acres; fault area, 5 acres. 

Area worked, 88 acres ; estimate based on area worked. 

Bennett bed, 9 feet thick, 7 feet of coal. 

Surface valuable. Dip, 15 to 20 degrees. Worked out 
and pillars robbed. 

Coal won per foot acre, exclusive of buckwheat, 828.6 
tons, or 44.1 per cent. 



125 

Coal won per foot acre, adding 10 per cent, for buck- 
wheat, 911 tons, or 48.5 per cent. 

Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat,48.5 per cent. 

N. C. F. (6.) 

Sugar Notch, Breaker No. 9. 
Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company, Operators. 

Area worked, 74 acres. 

Kidney bed, 7 to 8 feet thick, with 6 feet of coal. 

Dip, 80 to 40 degrees. Worked out and pillars robbed. 

Coal won per foot acre, exclusive of buckwheat, 762 tons, 
or 40.5 per cent. 

Coal won per foot acre, adding 10 per cent, for buck- 
wheat, 838 tons, or 44.6 per cent. 

Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat, 44.6 per cent. 

N. C. F. (7.) 

HOLLENBACK No. 2. 

Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company, Operators. 

Area worked, 160 acres. 

Baltimore bed, 16 feet thick, 13 feet coal. 

Workings under city of Wilkes-Barre ; necessary to keep 
surface up. 

Dip, 10 to 15 degrees. Worked out and pillars robbed. 

Coal won per foot acre, exclusive of buckwheat, 525 tons, 
or 27.9 per cent. 

Coal won per foot acre, adding 10 per cent, for buck- 
wheat, 577.5, or 30.7 per cent. 

Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat, 30.7 per cent. 

N. C. F. (8.) 

HOLLENBACK No. 2. 

Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company, Operators. 
Area worked, 75 acres. 

Hillman bed, about 12 feet thick, with 9 to 10 feet of coal. 
Workings under city of Wilkes-Barre ; necessary to keep 
surface up. 



126 

Dip, 10 to 15 degrees. Worked out and pillars robbed. 

Coal won per foot acre, exclusive of buckwheat, 625 tons, 
or 33.2 per cent. 

Coal won, adding 10 per cent, for buckwheat, 687.5 tons, 
or 36.6 per cent. 

Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat, 36.6 per cent. 

N. C. F. (9.) 

Pennsylvania Coal Compa:>^y. 

Mr. John R. Law, mining engineer for the Pennsylvania 
Coal Company, estimates that his company is winning 800 
tons per acre above pea coal and 1000 tons per acre, all 
sizes, including pea and buckwheat, or about 53.2 per cent. 

In deep workings or where the workings are under towns 
or the river, making it necessary to leave a large portion or 
all of the pillar coal in, the per cent, won is much less. 

The beds worked by this company are in a general way 
from 3 to 14 feet thick. 

Their breaker loss he estimates at from 17 to 25 per cent. 

Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat, 53.2 per cent, 
and less. 

N. C. F. (10.) 

Parrish Colliery. 
Parrish Coal Company, Operators. 
Mining operations 1882 to 1892 :— 

Area of bed, 152 acres, of which 140 acres have been 
mined out. 

Ross or Seven Foot bed, average thickness, 7 feet ; aver- 
age thickness of coal, 5 feet 7 inches. 

1 Top:— 1^6^' coaL 

0^ iV^ bone. 

0^ 9'' coaL 
I 0^3^^ sulphur. 

0' S'' coaL 

0^ 8'^ bone. 

2' 8'' coal. 

7' 0''. Total, y 7'' coar, 1^ y refuse. 



Typical Section of Bed. 



127 

Roof fairly good, dips gentle, conditions favorable for 
thorough working. 

Bed thoroughly mined and robbed whenever it could be 
done with safety and economy. 

Production : — . Tons. 

Prepared coal 808,702.00 

Pea 103,787.08 

Buckwheat 34,787.10 

Total 947,277.00 



This is the amount of coal sold and does not include 
buckwheat used for steam. 

Average yield coal sold per foot acre, 1213 tons, or 64.5 
per cent. 

The report of the mine inspector for 1890 shows the 
production for that year at this colliery to exceed the ship- 
ment by about 2 per cent. ; adding 2 per cent, to the total 
coal sold gives for total production 966,213 tons. 

Average yield per foot acre, 1237 tons, or 65.8 per cent. 

Breaker Waste. 

On September 6th, 7th, and 8th, 1892, the colliery pro- 
duced, in mine cars, 3539 tons 2 cwt. and 53 lbs. of coal, 
prepared as follows: — 

Broken 342.13 

Egg 357.09 

Stove 696.03 

Chestnut 701.18 

Pea 264.00 

Buck (used for steam) 384.00 

2,746.03.00 

Diit or culm 515.17.21 

Slate and rock 277. 2.32 

792.19.53 



3,539. 2.53 



Coal prepared (as shown above) 2,746.03.00 

Lost in fine coal and coal-dirt 515.17.21 

Breaker waste, 18.8 per cent, of production. 



128 

Recapitulation. 
Probable original contents of area worked out (140 acres ; 
average thickness of coal, 5 feet 7 inches), 1,468,656 tons. 

Total production . 966/213 tons, or 65.8 per cent. 

Total coal and coal-dirt sent to culm bank, 181,648 tons, or 12.4 per cent. 
Total coal and coal-dirt in pillars and gob, 320,795 tons, or 21.8 per cent. 

1,468,656 tons, or 100-0 per cent. 

Specific gravity taken as 1.55, or 1880 tons per foot acre. 

N. C. F. (11.) 

Colliery No. 3. 
■ Susquehanna Coal Company. 

Mr. J. H. Bowden, chief engineer, has recently made a 
thorough examination and report relative to the coal won 
at this colliery, showing the following general results : — 

Mining operations from January 1st, 1873, to January 1st, 
1892 : 

Area worked over, 233.8 acres ; above water level, 89.5 
acres ; below water, 144.3 acres. 

Red Ash bed: Thickness, 15 to 19 feet; thickness worked, 
13 to 17 feet ; average thickness for area, 16.10 feet ; average 
thickness worked, 14.57 feet. 

The bed is quite free from faults, the mining fairly 
regular, and the pillars have been robbed as per statement 
below. 

Coal produced from mining over : — 

Prepared 1,753,401 

Pea 142,267 

1,895,668 tons. 



The pillars were robbed excepting in 137.2 
acres (below water level), where the bottom 
bench was but partly mined out, owing to 
heavy slate partings and faults in seam, when 
workings caved and balance of coal was lost. 
Coal produced from robbing: — 

Prepared 118,725 

Pea 11,217 



129,942 tons. 



Total production of area in pea and prepared sizes . . 2,025,610 tons. 



Actual coal won in pea and prepared sizes, 595 tons per 
foot acre, or 31 .6 per cent. 



129 

Estimating Pea Coal for Whole Period of Mining. 

Pea coal was not made during the early years of this 
colliery. Had it been produced at the average yield of the 
past 10 years (1881-91), viz., 11.7 per cent, of the total, or 
13.2 per cent, of coal above pea size, the yield of pea coal 
from the mining over of these properties would have been 
232,448 tons, or the total production, all sizes except buck- 
wheat, 2,115,791 tons. 

Estimate of coal won, all sizes except buckwheat, if pea 
coal had been made for whole period, 621 per foot acre, or 
33 per cent. 

Estimating Buckwheat Coal for Whole Period 

OF Mining. 
Buckwheat coal is now made at this colliery. Allowing 
10 per cent, for this size, had it been produced for whole 
period, the total product would have been 2,327,370 tons. 

Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat, 683 tons per 
foot acre, or 36.3 per cent. 

N. C. F. (12.) 

Raub Washery. 
Raub Coal Company. 
This company are washing and preparing the coal from 
the old dirt bank of the Waddel Colliery, Mill Hollow, Pa. 
They find that about 50 per cent, of the bank can be won 
in marketable coal, with the sizes in about the following 
proportions : — 

Chestnut 10 per cent. 

Pea 20 per cent. 

Buckwheat No. 1 35 per cent. 

Buckwheat No. 2 35 per cent. 

100 per cent. 

N. C. F. (13.) 

Keynolds Washery. 
Chauncy Coal Company. 
This company are washing and preparing the coal from 
the old dirt bank of Keynolds Colliery, Plymouth, Pa. 



,130 

They find that about 70 per cent, of the bank can be won 
in marketable coaL An average taken from the books for 
five months show sizes in the following proportions: — 

Chestnut lOJ per cent. 

Pea 22 per cent. 

Buckwheat No. 1 37^ per cent. 

Buckwheat No. 2 30 per cent. 

100 per cent. 

This is one of the oldest banks in the field, and the pro- 
portion of coal very large. 

W. M. C. F. (14.) 

Hammond Colliery. 

Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, Operators. 

Estimate of the per cent, of coal won from the commence- 
ment of mining, 1863, to December 1st, 1891, made from 
the mine maps and information furnished by Heber S. 
Thompson, engineer Girard estate : — 



Name of Bed. 



Average 
dip. 




Holmes j 42 

Mammoth Top . . 40 

Mammoth Bottom [ 35 

Buck Mountain . .i 15 



Degrees. Feet. 



13.( 
13.0 
25.0 
11.6 



Feet. 
10.0 
10.8 
18.0 
8.4 



Area Worked. 



Surface 
acres. 



Bed 

acres. 



42.9 57.7 

41.5 54.2 

107.4 131.1 

306.2 317.0 



Probable 
original con- 
tents in 
tons. 



1,154,000 
1,156,628 
4,719,600 
5,283,122 



Probable total original contents of area i 12,313,350 



Shipments, 1863 to December 1st, 1891, 4,288,157 tons. 

The consumption of coal at this colliery to produce steam 
for the past three years has averaged 12.6 per cent, of the 
shipments. This has, no doubt, increased somewhat with 
the increased depth of the workings. Estimating that the 
average consumption at the colliery since the commence- 
ment of mining, 1863, has been 9 per cent, of the ship- 
ments, would make the total production to December 1st, 
1891, 4,674,091 tons, or 38 per cent, of the original contents. 



131 

Estimate of coal actually won, shipments and colliery 
consumption, 4,674,091 tons, or 38 per cent. 

The first buckwheat coal was shipped about 1878. The 
total shipments up to this time had been 1,649,706 tons. 
Were we to allow 10 per cent, of this, or 164,971 tons, for 
the buckwheat, had it been made during the whole time, 
the total production would have been 4,839,062 tons, or 
39.3 per cent, of the original contents. 

Estimate of coal won, if buckwheat had been made from 
commencement of mining, 39.3 per cent. 

The areas as given here have been mined over and the 
pillars robbed. The coal remaining in the pillars yet to 
be robbed, in the comparatively small portion of the mine 
now in active operation, has been considered in the above 
estimate. 

The thickness of the beds and coal as given are taken as 
the probable average thickness for the whole area exploited, 
including any faulty or crushed areas encountered. 

Specific gravity has been taken as 1.65, or 2000 tons per 
acre per foot in thickness. 

Ten specific gravity determinations by McCreath of coal 
in this neighborhood average 1.658. 

From the following measurements and estimate made by 
Mr. Thompson, of the Hammond Colliery culm bank, his 
report of which follows in detail, I would draw the follow- 
ing inferences (see pages 133-135) : — 

Mr. Thompson estimates that the Hammond Colliery has 
produced since the commencement of mining to August 1st, 
1892, 2,057,833 tons of culm. 

The shipments to August 1st, 1892, have been ..... . 4,403,707 tons. 

Shipments to December 1st, 1891, were 4,288,157 tons. 



Shipments between Dec. 1st, 1891, and August 1st, 1892, 115,550 tons. 



Estimating the culm produced between December 1st, 
1891, and August 1st, 1892, as 30 per cent, of the shipments, 
the production of culm in that time would have been 34,665 
tons. 



132 

Hence the culm produced up to time of our estimate, 
December 1st, 1891, was 2,023,168 tons. 

Mr. Thompson analyzes the culm bank as follows: — 

Dirt 35 per cent. 

Slate 23 per cent. 

Marketable coal .42 per cent. 

100 per cent. 

Were we to subdivide the dirt, calling 25 per cent, pow- 
dered coal and coal too small to market, and 10 per cent, 
refuse, the table would then show : — 

Coal and coal-dirt 67 per cent. 

Refuse 33 per cent. 

100 per cent. 

Taking 67 per cent, of the culm produced as coal and 
coal-dirt would give us 1,355,523 tons. 

The following general distribution of the coal lost and 
won at this colliery can then be made : — 
Estimated original coal contents of area exploited . . . 12,313,350 tons. 

Total production of coal, shipment and col- Tons. 

liery consumption 38 per cent. 4,674,091 

Total coal and coal-dirt sent to culm bank . . 11 per cent. 1,355,523 

Total coal and coal-dirt left in mine ..... 51 per cent. 6,283,736 

100 per cent. 12,313,350 

Mr. Thompson estimates that there are 720,242 tons of 
coal now (August 1st, 1892) in the Hammond culm bank, 
which can be won by rescreening say 715,000 tons, Decem- 
ber 1st, 1891. If this were added to the production up to 
that time, it would make a total of 5,389,091 tons, or 43.8 
per cent, of the original contents. 

Estimate of coal won, including coal to be won by re- 
screening culm banks, 43.8 per cent., or 5,389,091 tons. 



133 



COPY OF MR. HEBER S. THOMPSON'S REPORT ON 
THE HAMMOND COLLIERY CULM BANK. 

Measurement of banks and tests of weight of material and 
proportions of coal, slate, and refuse made in August, 1892 : — 

Total contents of Hammond Colliery culm banks, 1,972,- 
090 cubic yards (not including rock banks, 550,922 cubic 
yards). 

Coal, culm, and refuse used in filling excavated spaces in 
the mines, and carried away by the action of the elements, 
estimated to be 20 per cent., 394,418 cubic yards. 

Total coal, culm, and refuse of dirt banks, 2,366,508 
cubic yards. 

Weight of .culm banks per cubic yard, 1,941.75 lbs. 1.15 
cubic yards contain one ton. 

Weight of culm banks, 2,057,833 tons. 

Coal in culm banks, 42 per cent, of contents (864,290 
tons), of which 19.94 per cent, is large coal (172,339 tons) 
and 80.06 per cent, is small coal, or such as will pass through 
a |-inch and over a Y^g--inch screen mesh (691,951 tons). 

The total shipment of coal from the Hammond Colliery 
lease from 1863, the first year of its operation, to August 1st, 
1892, is 4,403,707 tons. The coal thrown in its dirt banks 
has been therefore equivalent to 19.62 per cent, of its ship- 
ment to market (3.91 per cent, large and 15.71 per cent, 
small). 

The coal in the Hammond dirt banks, on the ground 
now, is 42 per cent, of 1,972,090 cubic yards (720,242 tons), 
of which the large coal, which will not go through a f-inch 
screen mesh, is 143,616 tons, and the small coal, which will 
go through a f-inch and will pass over a y\-inch screen 
mesh, is 576,626 tons. 

The total shipment of coal from all the collieries on the 
Girard estate from their opening to January 1st, 1892, has 
been 26,953,328 tons. 

Taking the proportion of coal thrown aside as refuse by 
the other collieries to be the same as that thrown aside bv 



134 

Hammond Collien^, then the coal in the dirt banks on the 
Girard estate, or washed down by the elements and carried 
away by the streams, is 5,288,243 tons. It is probable that 
the proportion of the refuse banks washed away is greater 
at all the other collieries on the Girard estate than at 
Hammond Colliery. 

Tests of Hammond Colliery Ckihn Banks by Mr. John B. 
Granger, Mine Inspector of the Girard Estate, August loth, 
1892. 

First sample of bank, dumped in 1872: — 

Weight of a cubic foot 71 lbs. 

Containing, of dirt 30.5 lbs. 

slate 7.0 lbs. 

large coal 5.0 lbs. 

small coal 28.5 lbs. 

33.5 lbs. 

71 lbs. 

Second sample of bank, dumped in 1877: — 

Weight of a cubic foot . 71.5 lbs. 

Containing, of dirt 25.75 lbs. 

slate 12.50 lbs. 

large coal 5.25 lbs. 

small coal 28.00 lbs. 

33.25 lbs. 

71.5 lbs. 

Third sample of bank, from old Connor breaker, which 

prepared only Buck Mountain bed coal, about 1885 : — 

Weight of a cubic foot 70 lbs. 

Containing, of dirt 19.75 lbs. 

slate 15.75 lbs. 

large coal 9.5 lbs. 

small coal 25.0 lbs. 

34.50 lbs. 

70 lbs. 

Fourth sample of bank, deposited in 1888 : — 

Weight of a cubic foot 70.5 lbs. 

Containing, of dirt 20.75 lbs. 

slate 17.50 lbs. 

small coal 22.75 lbs. 

large coal 9.50 lbs. 

32.25 lbs. 

70.5 lbs. 



135 



Fifth sample of bank, deposited in 1891 : — 

Weight of a cubic foot 80 lbs. 

Containing, of dirt 24.50 lbs, 

slate 36.75 lbs. 

large coal 5.00 lbs. 

small coal 13.75 lbs. 

18.75 lbs. 

80 lbs. 

Sixth sample of bank, from old McMichael breaker, de- 
posited about 1866 : — 

Weight of a cubic foot 68.5 lbs. 

Containing, of dirt .- 29.5 lbs. 

slate 9.5 lbs. 

large coal 2.0 lbs. 

small coal 27.5 lbs. 

29.5 lbs. 

68.5 lbs. 

Average weight of culm bank per cubic foot 71.9166 lbs. 

Average weight of culm bank per cubic yard 1,941.75 lbs. 

Containing, of dirt 35 per cent. 

slate 23 per cent. 

large coal . . 8.38 per cent, 
small coal . . 33.62 per cent. 

42 per cent. 

— 100 per cent. 



" Quantity and percentage of large and small sizes of coal 
shipped from the Girard Estate at different periods for 
20 years, from 1871 to 1891 inclusive. 

H. S. Thompson, Mining Engineer. 



1891 
1886 
1881 
1876 
1871 



Larger than 
Chestnut. 



Tons. Cwt. 



899,604.15 
759,604.06 
1,073,869.12 
614,404.12 
519,284.05 



Per 
ceut. 



62.64 
h8.94 
75.62 
76.19 
83.62 



Chestnut. 



Tons. Cwt. 



227,717.08 
131,408.10 
159,687.04 
117,063.05 
76,229.08 



Per 
cent. 



15.86 
11.92 
11.25 
14.51 
12.27 



Pea. 



Tons. Cwt. 



170,992.02 

149,381.10 

158,711.03 

74,992.03 

25,503.05 



Per 

cent. 



11.91 

13.56 

11.18 

9.30 

4.11 



Buckwheat. 



Tons. Cwt. 



[Per 

cent. 



137,622.14 
61,501.08 
27,722.17 



9.59 
5.58 
1.95 



Note. — Pea coal first appears returned separately April, 1867 (Girard Colliery of J, J. 
ConntT). 

Buckwheat coal first appears returned separately August, 1S7S (llaniuiond Colliery of 
Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company)." 



136 



W. M. C. F. (15.) 

GiRARD Colliery. 
Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company^ Operators. 
Estimate of the per cent, of coal won from the commence- 
ment of mining, 1864 to March 1st, 1892, made from the 
mine maps and information furnished by Heber S. Thomp- 
son, Engineer Girard Estate. 



Name of Bed. Average dip. 


Average 
thickn's 
of bed. 


[ Area Worked. 
Average 
thickness c„^p^^„ | 


Probable 

original 

contents in 

tons. 


1 

Dee;rees. 

Mammoth . . { 57 f " } 

Buck Mountain . 57 S. 


Feet. 
31 

14 


2"6 '|40.8 

^^•^ 1 50.0 

9.0 1 6.7 


108.9 \ 
91.8/ 
12.3 


9,031,500 

221,400 


Probable total original contents of arpR . 


9,252,900 









Shipments, 1864 to March 1st, 1892, 1,627,491 tons. 

The consumption of coal to produce steam at this colliery 
for the past three years has averaged 31 per cent, of the 
shipments. This, of course, has increased with the in- 
creased depth of the workings. Estimating that 20 per 
cent, has been the average colliery consumption since min- 
ing commenced (1864) would make the total production to 
March I'st, 1892, 1,952,989 tons, or 21.1 per cent, of the orig- 
inal contents. 

Estimate of coal won, shipments and colliery consump- 
tion, 1,952,989 tons, or 21.1 per cent. 

The first buckwheat coal was shipped about 1878. The 
total shipments up to this time had been 732,797 tons. 
Were w^e to allow 10 per cent, of this, or 73,280 tons, for 
buckwheat, had it been made during the whole time, the 
total production would be 2,026,269 tons, or 21.9 per cent, 
of the original contents. 

Estimate of coal won if buckwheat had been made from 
commencement of mining, 21.9 per cent. 

The areas as given have been mined over and the pil- 
lars robbed. The coal remaining in the pillars yet to be 
robbed in the comparatively small portion of the mine 



137 

now in active operation has been considered in the above 
estimate. 

The thickness of the beds and coal as given are taken 
as the probable average thickness of the whole area ex- 
ploited, including any faulty or crushed areas that may 
have been encountered. 

The mining operations in the Mammoth at this colliery 
are now in the bottom of the narrow and deep basin. The 
gangways are in the underlying Skid more bed, tunnels be- 
ing driven at short intervals to the basin of the Mammoth. 

The estimate of the total coal in the area worked by 
this bed includes that in the wedge at the axis of the 
basin, a large per cent, of which cannot be mined. 

Specific gravity is taken as 1.65, or 2000 tons per acre 
per foot in thickness. 

Ten specific gravity determinations by McCreath of coal 
in this neighborhood average 1.658. 



W. M. C. F. 



(16. 



Kehley's Run Colliery. 

Thomas Coal Company, Operators. 
Estimate of the per cent, of coal won, made from the 
mine maps and information furnished by Heber S. Thomp- 
son, Engineer Girard Estate. This estimate embraces the 
time between the commencement of mining, 1865 to Janu- 
ary 1st, 1892. 



Name of Bed. Average dip. 


Average 
thickn's 
of bed. 


Average 
thickness 
of coal. 


Area Worked Probable 

original 

Surface p^ contents in 
acres. l^ed acres. ^^^^^ 


Degrees. 
Mammoth - . 35 
Skidmore .... 35 
Seven Foot , . . 35 
Buck Mountain . 35 


Feet. 

45.0 

7.0 

7.0 
10.2 


Feet. 
30.0 
3.10 

5.8 
7.0 


65.3 79.7 4,782,000 
21.0 25.(3 196.275 
53.9 65.8 745,777 
58.7 71.7 1,003.800 



Probable total original contents of area ,6,727,852 



Shipments, 1865 to January 1st, 1892, 2,266,839 tons. 
The consumption of coal at this colliery to produce steam 
for the past three years has averaged 6.39 per cent, of the 



138 

shipments. This has no doubt increased somewhat with the 
increased depth of the workings. Estimating that the av- 
erage consumption at the colhery since the commencement 
of mining, 1865, has been 5 per cent, of the shipments 
would make the total production to January 1st, 1892, 
2,379,656 tons, or 35.4 per cent, of the original contents. 

Estimate of coal actually won, shipments and colliery 
consumption, 2,379,656 tons, or 35.4 per cent. 

The first buckwheat coal was shipped about 1878. The 
total shipments up to that time had been 895,604 tons. 
Were we to allow 10 per cent, of this, or 89,560 tons, for 
buckwheat, had it been made during the whole time, the 
total production to January 1st, 1892, would be 2,469,216 
tons, or 36.7 per cent, of the original contents. 

Estimate of coal won if buckwheat had been made from 
commencement of mining, 36.7 per cent. 

The areas given have been mined over and the pillars 
robbed. The coal remaining in the pillars yet to be robbed 
in the comparatively small portion of the mine now in 
active operation has been considered in the above estimates. 

The thickness of the beds and coal as given are taken as 
the probable average thickness for the whole area exploited, 
including any faulty or crushed areas encountered. 

Specific gravity is taken as 1.65, or 2000 tons per acre 
per foot in thickness. 

Ten specific gravity determinations by McCreath of coal 
in this neighborhood average 1.658. 

W. M. C. F. (17.) 

Locust Kux Colliery. 
Mr. Franklin Piatt, in Report A-2, Coal Waste (1879), 
Pennsylvania Geological Survey (page 38), publishes an es- 
timate by Mr. E. M. Riley, of Ashland, of the coal won at 
the Locust Run Colliery. The Mammoth bed was worked 
with a thickness of 13 feet 6 inches to 25 feet 6 inches, the 
dip ranging from 15 to 60 degrees. The results show : — 

Percentage of waste 66.5 per cent. 

Percentage of coal won 33.5 per cent. 



139 

W. M. C. F. (18.) 

Stanton Colliery. 

Information furnished by Mr. A. W. Sheaf er. 

Mining operations 1 868 to 1880 : — 

Area worked (measured on dip), 87.07 acres. 

Mammoth bed, 35 feet thick, 25 feet coal used in estimate. 

Pillars to be worked over. 

Dip, 60 to 70 degrees. 

Estimated original contents of area 3,796,693 tons. 

Production 678,067 tons. 

Coal actually won 17 per cent. 

W. M. C. F. (19.) 

GiLBERTON Colliery 

Information furnished by Mr. A. W. Sheafer. 

Mining operations 1863 to 1880: — 

Area worked (measured on dip), 107 acres. 

Mammoth bed, 35 feet thick, 25 feet coal used in estimate. 

Dip, 45 to 60 degrees. 

Estimated original contents of area 4,664,264 tons. 

Production 1,117,525 tons. 

Coal actually won 24 per cent. 

W. M. C. F. (20.) 

Cambridge Colliery. 
Information furnished by Mr. A. W. Sheafer. 

Mining operations to 1880 : — 

Holmes bed, 6 feet clean coal. 
Pillars well robbed. 
Dip, 12 to 20 degrees. 

Estimated orioinal contents of area 202,000 tons. 

Shipments 106,000 tons. 

Coal actually won 52 per cent. 



140 



W. M. C. F. (21.) 

Tlie following estimates, prepared under the direction of 
Mr. P. W. Sheafer, have been kindly furnished b}^ the ex- 
ecutors of his estate. 

" Estimate of contents of culm bank at Gilberton, Schuyl- 
kill County, Pa., prepared under the direction of P. W. 
Sheafer, engineer and geologist: — 

Laiurence Colliery. 

Total shipment to January 1st, 1890 -. . . . 1,852,000 tons. 

Estimated contents of culm banks 978,000 tons. 

Estimated amount to be won by rescreening banks . . . 450,000 tons. 

Stanton Colliery. 

Total shipment to January 1st, 1890 1,163,000 tons. 

Estimated contents of culm banks 860,000 tons. 

Estimated amount to be won by rescreening banks . . . 500,000 tons. 

Draper Colliery. 

Total shipment to January 1st, 1890 2,194,000 tons. 

Estimated contents of culm banks 1,000,000 tons. 

Estimated amount to be won by rescreening banks . . . 500,000 tons. 

Gilberton Colliery. 

Total shipment to January 1st, 1890 1,750,000 tons. 

Estimated contents of culm bank, 1,000,000 tons. 

Estimated amount to be won by rescreening banks . . . 500,000 tons. 

35 cubic feet of bank equals one ton. 



W. M. C. F. (22.) 

Rescreening Stanton Culm Bank. 

1889. Tons. 

Stove 5,202.15 20.59 per cent. 

Nut 4,229.05 16.74 per cent. 

Pea 3,597.60 14.24 per cent. 

Buckwheat 12,238.60 48.42 per cent. 

25,262.40 
1890. 

Tons. 

Stove 8,929.06 14.21 per cent. 

Nut 12,782.04 20.35 per cent. 

Pea 9,763.06 15.55 per cent. 

Buckwheat 31,333.04 49.89 per cent. 



Equals 60 per cent, of bank." 



62,808.00 



141 

S. C. F. (23.) 

Panther Creek Basin, 

Mr. Charles A. Ashburner, Report AA, page 176, Penn- 
s^dvania Geological Survey, estimates that from the com- 
mencement of mining to January 1st, 1883, the average 
percentages at all the collieries in this basin as follows : — 

Coal left in mines, unfinished breasts and for roof supports, 41 per cent. 
Waste coal sent directly from mines and breakers to banks, 32 per cent. 
Fuel coal sent to market and consumed locally 27 per cent. 

100 per cent. 

And the average percentages for two years from January 

1st, 1881, to January 1st, 1883 :— 

Coal left in mines, unfinished breasts and for roof supports, 30 per cent. 
Waste coal sent directly from mines and breakers to banks, 24 per cent. 
Fuel coal sent to market and consumed locally 46 per cent. 

100 per cent. 

S. C. F. (24.) ~~ 

Eagle Hill Colliery. 

Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, Operators. 

Special survey and examination to determine efficiency 
of mining method. 

Mining operations from 1881 to 1885 : — 

Selected area of 17.5 acres, including fault area of 1.14 
acres which produced no coal. 

Mammoth bed, thickness about 20 feet, and Seven Foot 
bed (Top split of Mammoth), thickness about 7 feet G inches. 

Dip about 35 degrees. 

Estimating that 50 per cent of coal in pillars can be got, 
gives total result as follows : — 

Prepared coal 41.1 per cent. 

iSent to dirt bank 2G.6 per cent. 

Lost in pillar 18.4 per cent. 

Lost in gob 13.9 per cent. 

100.0 per cent. 



142 

Buckwheat was prepared for the last two years. Had this 
coal been saved for the whole period, estimating it at 10 per 
cent, of the product, the statement would be about as fol- 
lows: — 

Prepared cojiI 43.5 per cent. 

Sent to dirt bank 24.2 per cent. 

Lost in pillar 18.4 per cent. 

Lost in gob 13.9 per cent. 

100.0 per cent. 

Eatimate of coal won, including buckwheat 43.5 per cent. 

S. C. F. ■ (25.) 

PoTTSViLLE Shaft Colliery. 
Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, Operators. 

Special survey and examination to determine efficiency 
of mining method. 

Selected area of about 4.5 acres. 

Seven Foot bed (Top split of Mammoth), average thick- 
ness about 7 feet, with 5 feet of coal. 

Eoof strong, coal good. 

Dip, 35 to 40 degrees. 

Estimating the coal yet to be robbed from pillars gives 
total results as follows : — 

Prepared coal 52 per cent. 

Sent to dirt bank 28 per cent. 

Lost in mine 20 per cent. 

100 per cent. 

Estimate of coal won 52 per cent. 

S. C. F. (26.) 

Mine Hill Gap Colliery. 
Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron CompaMy, Operators. 
This colliery, from 1873 to 1884 inclusive, yielded to 
market from the contents of coal in the ground, embraced 
within the area exploited during the years named, 29.2 per 
cent., not including the coal consumed under the boilers 
for steam generation, which was mainly slate picker and 
a little pea. 



143 

The beds worked were : — 

Crosby about 5.0 feet thick ; dip, 55 to 60 degree;^. 

Lelar about 6.0 feet thick ; dip, 55 to 60 degrees. 

Daniel about 12.5 feet thick ; dip, 55 to 60 degrees. 

If we roughly estimate the coal consumed under boilers 

as 9 per cent, of the shipments, we would then have : — 

Coal sent to market 29.2 per cent. 

Coal consumed for steam 2.5 per cent. 

Lost in mine and sent to dirt bank 68.3 per cent. 

100.0 per cent. 

Estimate of coal won 31.7 per cent. 

S. C. F. (27.) 

Phcenix Park No. 3 Colliery. 
Philadelphia and B.eading Coal and Iron Company, Operators. 

Special survey and examination to determine efficiency 
of mining method made in 1885. 

Mining operations January 1st, 1881 to 1885 : — 

Area exploited, 63 acres. 

Fault area, from which no coal was obtained, 22.68 acres. 

Area of good coal, on which estimate is based, 40.32 acres. 

Diamond bed, average thickness about 6 feet. 

Dip, 10 to 20 degrees. 

Estimating that 65 per cent, of the pillars left can be 

got, gives total results as follows : — 

Prepared coal (not including buckwheat) 56.0 per cent. 

Sent to dirt bank 26.5 per cent. 

Lost in mine 17.5 per cent. 

100.0 per cent. 

Estimating buckwheat coal at 10 per cent, of the product, 

had that coal been saved, the statement would be about as 

follows : — 

Prepared coal (including buckwheat"! 61.0 per cent. 

Sent to dirt bank 21.5 per cent. 

Lost in mine 17.5 per cent. 



100.0 per cent. 
Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat 61.0 per cent. 



144 



S. C. F. (28.) 

West Brookside Colliery. 
PJiiladelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, Operators. 

A special and very thorough survey and examination 
was made at this colliery, having in view the determination 
of the results obtained from the system of mining employed. 
The mining operations cover a period from 1869 to 1889, 
during which time the colliery was operated by individuals 
as well as by the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron 
Company. 

Area exploited, 665.5 acres ; of this 36.6 acres were fauUy 
and are not included in the estimate. 

Area considered, 628.9 acres. 

The bed mined is Lykens Valley No. 5, thickness quite 
variable but with a probable average of 10 feet, 70 per 
cent., or 7 feet of which is good coal. 

Average dip, 10 to 15 degrees. 

Estimating the quantity of coal which could still be 
mined and robbed from pillars in this area gives the fol- 
lowing results : — 

Tons. Per cent. 

Shipments • 3,746,120 54.1 

Local sales 9,051 .2 

CoUien^ consumption 90,124 1.3 



Total prepared coal 3,845,295 55.5 

Sent to dirt bank 1,873,060 27.0 

Lost in pillars ami gob 1.205,219 17.5 

Total . . • 6,923,574 100.0 

Previous to 1883 all buckwheat coal was sent to the dirt 

bank. Buckwheat coal now forms about 10 per cent, of the 

production. Had this coal been saved between 1869 and 

1883, the statement would be about as follows : — 

Prepared coal (if buckwheat included) 59.5 [)er cent. 

Sent to dirt bank 23.0 per cent. 

Lmss in pillars and gob 17.5 per cent. 

Total 100.0 per cent. 

Estimate of coal won, including buckwheat 59.5 per cent. 



145 

The conditions at this mine are very favorable ; the roof 
is excellent. 

Mr. Franklin Piatt, in A-2, page 120, reports the breaker 
record for 8 months in 1879 (?), as follows: — 

"The total product was 322,173 tons, of which 68.8 per 
cent, went into the cars for shipment to market, and 31.2 
per cent, went on to the dirt heap. 

"The percentages of waste by months ran thus: 32, 31, 
31, 32, 31, 32, 33, 30, averaging 31.2 per cent., as above. 

" This average may be somewhat too low, but it is not 
much away from the actual facts. 

" For the bed is nearly flat; it is clean coal ; there is but 
little wasted in the mines, and the coal is not brittle and 
does not splinter up into buckwheat and dust. The actual 
breaker waste at the Lykens Valley collieries for breaking 
and scrt^ening is probably not over 21 per cent." 



S. C. F. (29.) 

West Brookside Colliery. 
Philadelphia and Reading Coed and Iron Company, Operators. 

Special survey and examination to determine efficiency 
of raining method in 1885. 

Selected area of acres. 

Fair average condition of bed, roof strong, coal good. 

Lykens Valley No. 5 bed, general thickness 10 feet, with 
7 feet coal. 

Dip, 10 to 15 degrees. 

Estimating coal yet to be robbed from pillars gives total 
results as follows : — 

Prepared coal (including buckwheat) 62.5 per cent. 

Sent to dirt bank 32.7 per cent. 

Lost in pillars 4.S per cent. 

Total 100.0 per cent. 

Estimate of coal won (including buckwheat) (52.5 per cent. 



146 



S. C. F. (30.) 

West Brookside Colliery. 
Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, Operators. 

Special surve}^ and examination to determine efficiency 
of mining method made in 1885. 

Selected area of acres. 

Fair average condition of bed, roof strong, coal good. 

L3^kens Valley No. 5 bed, general thickness 10 feet, with 
7 feet of coal. 

Dip, 10 to 15 degrees. 

Estimating the coal yet to be robbed from pillars gives 
total results as follows : — 

Prepared coal (including buckwheat) 57.1 per cent. 

Sent to dirt bank 30.8 per cent. 

Lost in pillars 12.1 per cent. 

Total 100.0 per cent. 

Estimate of coal won (including buckwheat) 57.1 per cent. 



14' 



THE PROBABLE AVERAGE PER CENT. OF COAL 
WON FROM THE COMMENCExMENT OF MINING, 
ABOUT 1820 TO JANUARY 1st, 1893. 

The per cent, of coal won has been influenced by the 
thickness of the bed, the dip or pitch, the character of the 
roof, the depth of the working, the character of the coal, the 
necessity for keeping up the surface, as well as the personal 
management of the collieries. 

An average of the 27 instances collected would show the 
coal actually won in those cases to be 41.5 per cent, of the 
original contents of the areas worked over. 

In the Southern field 6 of the examples given are of se- 
lected areas and undoubtedly show too high an average for 
the field, though the estimate at the Brookside Colliery 
covering 628.9 acres, showing coal won as 51.5 per cent., 
probably represents that particular colliery. 

If we omit these 6 estimates the remaining 21 give an 
average of 38.5 per cent. 

At some of the collieries taken, buckwheat coal has been 
prepared during the whole time covered by the estimate, at 
others for only a portion of the time, and at some it is not 
included. An average on the basis that buckwheat had 
been prepared for the whole time in each instance would 
show for the 27 collieries some 44 per cent, won, and for 
the 21, 41 per cent. 

It is to be doubted whether we can rely upon the aver- 
ages thus obtained as representing what has been won for 
the whole region since the commencement of mining ; and 
again, there are losses whose extents is not wholly covered 
by these estimates : (1.) The damage to upper coal-beds by 
the breaking and settling of the strata when the lower beds 
are worked first, especially if an upper bed is only a few 
feet above the one worked. (2.) The coal that it is necessary 
in many cases to leave always unmined along the outcrop 
to prevent the surface wash from entering the mine, par- 
ticularly under tlie old river bed of the Susquehanna. (3.) A 



148 



small amount destroyed by mine fires. (4.) The coal inten- 
tionally left in large pillars for particular purposes, and the 
mining of only part of the bed. The coal thus left may or 
may not be recovered. 

A careful consideration of the subject and a stud}' of the 
data obtained and its probable value as relating to the past 
output, leads to the conclusion that since the commence- 
ment of mining the coal won does not exceed 35, and pos- 
sibly not more than 30 per cent, of the coal originally con- 
tained in the areas mined over, that this will probably be 
increased to 40 per cent, by the utilization of the coal con- 
tained in the culm banks, and by a reworking of part of the 
territory mined over. 

It is estimated that the production, including coal sold 
and consumed at the collieries, has exceeded the shipments 
by about 10 per cent. 

The table compiled by Mr. P. W. Sheafer for the years 
1820 to 1868, and since 1868 by Mr. John H. Jones, show 
the shipments to January 1st, 1893, to. have been : — 



Wyoming region 
Lehigh region . 
Schuylkill region 



Total 



Shipments. 
Tons. 



Production, 

adding 10 per 

cent., sav. 

Tons. ' 



382,990,423 I 421,000,000 
147,652,656 ! 162,500,000 
289,719,916 ! 318,500,000 



820,362,995 902,000,000 



Basing our estimate on that for every ton produced IJ 
additional tons are lost, the following table would show the 
probable amount of coal still contained in the ground : — 



Estimated original 
Ri^gion. contents. 
Tons. 


Amount used up 2^^ 

times production. 

Tons. 


Estimated contents 

remaining. 

Tons. 


Wyoming 

Lehigh 

Schuylkill 


5.700,000,000 

i;600,000,000 
12,200,000,000 


1,052,500,000 
406,250,000 
796,250,000 


4,647,500,000 

1,193,750,000 

11,403,750,000 


Total 


19,500,000,000 


2,255,000,000 


17,245,000,000 



14'J 



THE FUTURE SUPPLY. 

The estimate just made shows 17,245,000,000 tons of 
marketable coal still in the ground; what per cent, of 
this will be w^on the future alone can determine. 

It is to be doubted whether the total coal won when the 
field shall be abandoned will exceed 40 per cent, of the 
total contents. An estimate on tliat basis would show the 
available marketable coal still now in the ground to be as 
follows : — ^ 

Wyoming region 1,859,000,000 tons. 

Lehigh region 477,500,000 tons. 

Schuylkill regi<.n 4,561,500,000 tons. 

In all 6,898,000,000 tons. 

The amount of coal won at the modern colliery due to 
improvements in mining methods, the appliances for hand- 
ling the coal, and in the utilization of the small sizes, shows 
a decided advance over the earlier years of mining; a still 
further advance will undoubtedly be made in these direc- 
tions, and the mining of the small beds, where a larger per 
cent, can be won, will all tend to increase the total.. Future 
estimates for a long time will in all probability show an 
advance in the total per cent. won. 

But it should not be forgotten that the difficulties, the 
dangers, and the cost of mining are and will continue to 
increase, due to the increasing depth at which the coal 
must be mined and the increased amount of water which 
must be pumped. 

The coal first mined was by drifts or tunnels at water 
level, and a natural outlet for both coal and water was se- 
cured ; as the coal above water level became exhausted, 
slopes were sunk in the beds, or where the beds were nearly 
horizontal shallow shafts were sunk to them ; these slopes 
and shafts have gradually increased in depth, until now at 
a number of the collieries mining is carried on at a depth 
of 1000 or 1100 feet below the outlet. 



150 

Depth of Mining. — That this depth must greatly increase 
before the exhaustion of the fields the following data, based 
on the published cross-sections, show : — 

In the Northern field the deepest part of the basin is 
between Wilkes Barre and Nanticoke, and it is to this 
neighborhood that we must look for the future supply 
in this field ; here the Baltimore bed attains a depth in the 
basin of 1500 or 1600 feet and the Red Ash of 1700 or 1800 
feet. 

In the Eastern Middle field the difficulty is not so great, 
as but little of the coal is more than 1000 feet below the 
surface. 

In the Western Middle field the Mammoth attains a 
maximum depth of about 2000 feet, with the underlying 
beds still deeper ; over considerable areas of the field the 
Mammoth is below 1200 or 1500 feet. 

In the Southern field, which is estimated to now contain 
about one-half of all the anthracite remaining in the 
ground, a careful estimate, based on the cross-sections, shows 
that one-half the contents of the field is to be found at a 
depth of more than 1100 feet, and that the lowest workable 
bed (the Lykens Valley) attains a maximum depth of 
more than 4000 feet. 

Pumping. — The increased pumping due to letting in of 
the surface water and tapping of the underground water- 
courses, by breaking and settling of the strata over the 
areas mined, increases with the extent of the working, and 
as the strata becomes honeycombed with workings will be 
a more and more serious obstacle, especially when the 
pumping will not only include the area under operation, 
but perhaps miles of older workings ; and again, the difii- 
culty in holding the water on the upper lifts will make it 
necessary to raise the bulk of it from the lowest point in 
the mine. Some of the collieries are already using from 15 
to 25 per cent, of their production under the boilers. In 
the Schuylkill and Lehigh regions, where the beds are 
steeply inclined, the strata is easily accessible to the surface 
water. 



151 

In the deep basins where the coal-beds are numerous 
(some 20 in parts of the Southern field), if the principal 
beds are mined first and pillars robbed out, the breaking 
and settling of the strata will undoubtedly seriously damage 
the beds above and interfere with the economical working 
of them. 



THE QUANTITY OF COAL AND COAL-DIRT 
IN CULM BANKS. 

Just what proportion of coal taken from the mines is 
now contained in the culm banks it is impossible, without a 
survey of all the banks in the region, to determine. 

At the Parrish Colliery, Northern coal-field, which may 
be taken as a good example of a modern colliery, and 
where all the small sizes are saved, the estimate would 
show that a quantity of coal equal to 19 per cent, of the 
total production goes to the dirt bank. 

'' In 1890 and 1891 the Clear Spring Coal Company pro- 
duced 342,523 tons of coal ; and 66,532 tons of culm (in- 
cluding all the buckwheat coal) went to the culm pile, i. e., 
the culm was about 19.7 per cent, of the total produc- 
tion." 

At the Hammond, Western Middle field, the estimate, 
covering a period of 29 years, shows that a quantity of coal 
equal to 29 per cent, of the production has gone to the dirt 
banks. 

The estimate of the dirt banks on the Gilbert estate 
would show the contents of the bank at the Lawrence 
Colliery to equal 53 per cent, of the shipments, the Stanton 
Colliery 74 per cent., the Draper Colliery 46 per cent., and 
the Gilberton Colliery 57 per cent. These collieries are 
some of the oldest in the anthracite region. 

Mr. Ashburner's estimates of the Panther Creek basin 
show that from the commencement of mining, 1820 to 1883, 
20 per cent, more coal had gone to the dirt banks than 
had been marketed, but for two years, 1881 to 1883, the 



152 

amount of coal sent to dirt bank equaled 52 per cent, of 
the production. 

The Estimates. — At Eagle Hill Colliery (Southern coal- 
field), 1881 to 1883, shows the coal sent to dirt bank to equal 
about 60 per cent, of the production. 

At Phoenix Park No. 3 Colliery (Southern coal-field), 
1881 to 1885, 47 per cent, went to dirt bank. 

At Brookside Colliery, 1869 to 1889, the coal sent to the 
dirt bank equaled about 49 per cent, of the total product. 

Taking into consideration that the per cent, of coal now 
sent to the dirt bank is much less than formerly, and the 
annual production greatly increased, it perhaps would not 
be unfair to estimate that since the commencement of 
mining the coal and coal-dirt sent to the culm banks has 
been 35 per cent, of the total production, say 315,700,000 
tons. 



Animal Shipments from the Schuylkill, Lehigh, and Wyoming 
Regions from 1820 to 1892. 



Schuylkill Region. 


Lehigh Region. 


Wyoming Region. 


Total. 


Years. ' 

1 


Tonnage. 


Per 

Cent. 


Tonnage. 


Per 
Cent. 


Tonnage. 


Per 

Cent. 


Tons. 


1820 . . 






365 








365 






1,073 
2,240 




;;;';; 1 


. 


1,073 
3,720 


1822 . . 


1,480 


39.79 


60.21 


'...'.'. \ 


• • • 


1823 . . 


1,128 


16.23 


5,823 


83.77 


j 


. . . 


6,951 


1824 . . 


1,567 


14.10 


9,541 


85.90 







11,108 


1825. . 

1826 . . 

1827 . . 

1828 . . 
1829. . 


6,500 
16,767 


18.60 


28,393 
31,280 
32 074 


81.40 


1 




34,893 
48,047 
63,434 
77,516 
112,083 


34.90 


65.10 





. . . j 


31,360 
47,284 


49.44 


50.56 


i 




61.00 


30,232 
25,110 


39.00 






79'973 


71.35 


22.40 




7,000 


* 6'.25 


1830 . . 


89,984 


51.50 


41,750 


23.90 


43,000 


24.60 


174,734 


1831 . . 


81,854 


46.29 


40,966 


23.17 


54,000 


30.54 


176,820 


1832 . . 1 


209,271 


57.61 


70,000 


19.27 


84,000 


23.12 


363,271 


1833 . . i 


252,971 


51.87 


123,001 


25.22 


111,777 


22.91 { 


487,749 


1834 . . 


226,692 


60.19 


106,244 


28.21 


43,700 


11.60 


376,636 


1835 . . 


339,508 


60.54 


131,250 


23.41 


90,000 


16.05 


560,758 


1836 . 


432,045 


63.16 


148,211 


21.66 


103,861 


15.18 


684,117 


1837 . . 1 


530,152 


60.98 


223,902 


25.75 


115,387 


13.27 


869,441 


1838 . . { 


446,875 


60.49 


213,615 


28.92 


78,207 


10.59 


738,697 


1839 . . 


475,077 


58.05 


221,025 


27.01 


122,300 


14.94 


818,402 


1840 . . \ 


490,596 


56.75 


225,313 


26.0? 


148,470 


17.18 


864,379 


1841 . . 


624,466 


65.07 


143,037 


14.90 


192,270 


20.03 


959,773 


1842. . 


583,273 


52.62 


272,540 


24.59 


252,599 


22.79 


1,108,412 


1843 . . 


710,200 


56.21 


267,793 


21.19 


285,605 


22.60 


1,263,598 


1844 . . 


887,937 


54.45 


377,002 


23.12 


365,911 


22.43 


1,630,850 


1845 . . 


1,131,724 


56.22 


429,453 


21.33 


451,836 


22.45 


2,013,013 


1846 . . 


1,308,500 


55.82 


517,116 


22.07 


518,389 


22.11 


2,344,005 


1847 . . 


1,665,735 


57.79 


633,507 


21.98 


583,067 


20.23 


2,882,309 


1848 . . 


1,733,721 


56.12 


670,321 


21.70 


685,196 


22.18 


3,089,238 


1849 . . 


1,728,500 


53.30 


781,556 


24.10 


732,910 


22.60 


3,242,966 


1850 . . 


1,840,620 


54.80 


690,456 


20.56 


827,823 


24.64 


3,358,899 


1851 . . 


2,328,525 


52.34 


964,224 


21.68 


1,156,167 


25.98 


4,448,916 


1852. . 


2,636,835 


52.81 


1,072,136 


21.47 


1,284,500 


25.72 


4,993,471 


1853 . . 


2,665,110 


51.30 


1,054,309 


20.29 


1,475,732 


28.41 


5,195,151 


1854 . . 


3,191,670 


53.14 


1,207,186 


20.13 


1,603,478 


26.73 


6,002,334 


1855 . . 


3,552,943 


53.77 


1,284,113 


19.43 


1,771,511 


26.80 


6,608,567 


1856 . . 


3,603,029 


52.91 


1,351,970 


19.52 


1,972,581 


28.47 


6,927,580 


1857 . . 


3,373,797 


50.77 


1,318,541 


19.84 


1,952,603 


29.39 


6,644,941 


1858 . . 


3,273,245 


47.86 


1,380,030 


20.18 


2,186,094 


31.96 


6,839,369 


1S59 . . 


3,448,708 


44.16 


1,628,311 


20.86 


2,731,236 


34.98 


7,808,255 


1860. . 


3,749,632 


44.04 


1,821,674 


21.40 


2,941,817 


34.56 


8,513,123 


1861 . . 


3,160,747 


39.74 


1,738,377 


21.85 


3,055,140 


38.41 


7,954,264 


1862 . . 


3,372,583 


42.86 


1,351,054 


17.17 


3,145,770 


39.97 


7,869,407 


1863 . . 


3,911,683 


40.90 


1,894,713 


19.80 


3,759,610 


39.30 


9,566,006 


1«64. . 


4,161,970 


40.89 


2,054,669 


20.19 


3,960,836 


38.92 


10,177,475 


1865 . . 


4,356,959 


45.14 


2,040,913 


21.14 


3,254,519 


33.72 


9,652,391 


1866 . . 


5,787,902 


45.56 


2,179,364 


17.15 


4,736,616 


37.29 


12,703,882 


1867 . . 


5,161,671 


39.74 


2,502,054 


19.27 


5,325,000 


40.99 


12,988,725 


1868 . . 


5,330,737 


38.62 


2,502,582 


18.13 


5,968,146 


43.25 


13,801,465 


1869 . . 


5,775,138 


41.66 


1,949,673 


14.06 


6,141,369 


44.28 


13,866,180 


1870 . . 


4,968,157 


30.70 


3,239,374 


L^0.02 


7,974,660 


49.28 


16,182,191 


1871 . . 


6,552,772 


41.74 


2,235,707 


14.24 


6,911,242 


44.02 


15,669,721 


1872 . . 


6,694,890 


34.03 


3,873,339 


19.70 


9,101,549 


46.27 


19,669,778 


1873 . . 


7,212,601 


33.97 


3,705,596 


17.46 


10,309,755 


48.57 


21,227,952 


1874 . . 


6,866,877 


34.09 


3,773,836 


18.73 


9,504,408 


47.18 


20,145,121 


1875 . . 


1 6,281,712 


31.87 


2,834,605 


14.38 


10,596,155 


53.75 


19,712,472 


1876 . . 


^ 6,221,934 


33.63 


3,854,919 


20.84 


8,424,158 


45.53 


18,501,011 


1877 . . 


8,195,042 


39.35 


4,332,760 


20.80 


8,300,377 


39.85 


i 20,828,179 


1878 . . 


1 6,282,226 


35.68 


3,237,449 


18.40 


8,085,587 


1 45.92 


1 17,605,262 


1879 . . 


8,960,829 


34.28 


4,595,567 


17.58 


12,586,293 


48.14 


26,142,689 


1880 . . 


\ 7,554,742 


32.23 


4,463,221 


19.05 


11,419,279 


48.72 


; 23,437,242 


1881 . - 


9,253,958 


32.46 


5,294,676 


18.58 


13,951,383 


48.96 


28,500,017 


1882 . . 


9,459,288 


32.48 


5,689,437 


19.54 


13,971,371 


47.98 


1 29,120,096 


1883 . . 


10,074,726 


31.69 


6,113,809 


19.23 


15,604,492 


49.U8 


1 31,793,027 


1884 . . 


9,478,314 


30.85 


5,562,226 


18.11 


•n5,677,753 


51.04 


i 30,718,293 


1S85. . 


9,488,426 


30.00 


5,898,634 


18.65 


••n6,236,470 


51.35 


i 31,623,530 


1886 . . 


9,381,407 


29.19 


5,723,129 


17.81 


*17,031,826 


! 53.00 


32,136,362 


1887 . . 


10,609,028 


30.63 


4,347,061 


12.55 


^'19,684.929 


56.82 


34,641,018 


1888. . 


10,654,116 


27.93 


5,639,236 


14.78 


•'^21,852,365 


57.29 


38,145,717 


1 889 . . 


10,474,364 


29.58 


6,285,421 


17.75 


n8,647,925 


52 67 


35,407,710 


1890 . . 


10,867,821 


30.31 


6,329,658 


17.65 


*18,657,694 


52.04 


35,855,173 


1891 . . 


12,741,258 


31.50 


6,381,838 


15.78 


-21,325,239 


52.72 


! 40,448,335 


1892 . . 


12,626,784 


30.14 


6,451,076 


15.40 


*22,815,480 


54.46 


; 41,893,340 



Includes Loyalsock field. 



APPENDIX A-2. 

Talmlm- Eslimnle, Shommj Ihe Approximate Qmnlily, P"-^' md Future, Froducliim of Coal in tlie Several Districts of the Northern Anthracite Coal Basin o) Peimsylvt 
By Wm. Griffith, Engineer and GeologUl, Scranton, Pa. 



lij '|i|:r|i!i 



i i i 




APPENDIX B. 

0/ Use of Small AiUhracilr Chnh oa Locomotives. 



Philadelphia nnd Reading Railroad Company. 
(Eaetcro and Morlliern Divlaioim.) 



Delaware, Lacknwanna a 



srD Railroad. (Exclusiv 






:iSi„c 



(sloKed) grateb;. 



'"t,; 



DissdvanUges of so d 



Dlsadvaotages of so doing . 



DisadTantages of so doini 



How do locoiuoUves burning small aiit liracilc- .omparc 1 

Disposition of company in matter ofbuildiiig new lo-] 
coniotives, i, <■., ■whether for burning large orHraallV 



a locomotive for barnjng small anturaciiec 






Size orwal''ma''ou'Yo"oSi'ves f"r 'imnifiit' amall'l 
anthmcite I 



heavy or lishl? . 

le of cubical or flat 
heavy or light?. 



1 yj in. □, A in- O Over A i". O. % 



!".'-'!} 



TLoy iirciu favor of Biiuill coal penerally 



fFh^ladelpl!ianndnca<l'li.| 



Cheaper than large 



Lchtgh Valloy C 






passcugcr train service fliuruu i.in. it 






SfSr. 



Chefpfiid; bctl..rrcs.illslb»ii„ill. larcfaiilliradle. I.nreCT Bralc siirfnce) fCbeapfuel. Belt«t re»ults llmi. will. 
"irenVSn^S" ""'''' "'"' ""'""' "' """'•'"""'S'' ^'^ ^'"^ pressure V l Larger grate surface allows larger 



Larger grate surface and exhaust i 
'Buckwheat on coal and freight. . 






J MVire luesh— Square perfo 

(, I, Punched phites— Round 1 









i Wyoming Valley Railtond. 



'■ E. Barton, M^ler Mcchnnlo R and W. V. K. R. . 
oon« B. Smith, Soperlnlondonl E. and W. V. R. R, 



"aIo"- 



y^. 



New Vork.OulftrioaiitlWeflten 



Qcorgo W. Woal, SuporinteiiiJent Molivo Power , 



dntlon n»r IVoIght and ei 



Mogul. 
Wotlca)Krate-l)ftral 



.ft-n„ 



AEiss'irKK^::;::, 




Delaware, Susquehanna and Schuylkill Railroad. 



i^'iVfttln. 



156 






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